Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if a neighborhood that's easy to walk in and a phone app could help people exercise more. They looked at 512 adults who didn't move around much and lived in different kinds of neighborhoods. Some neighborhoods were easy to walk in, and some were not. They also looked at whether the neighborhoods were rich or not so rich. The study lasted a year, and people got text messages with goals for walking. Some got goals that changed, and some got the same goals. They also got rewards—some right away and some later. The researchers found that changing goals helped people in less walkable places exercise more. Getting rewards right away helped too, especially in places that were already good for walking. This study shows that making exercise plans that fit where people live can help them be more active.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to help adults walk more because walking a lot can keep people from getting sick with long-term diseases. They used a phone app to set walking goals and gave people money right away or later when they walked enough. They had 512 grown-ups wear step-counting gadgets for a year to see how much they walked. They found that changing the walking goals to be harder or easier helped people walk more, and giving money right away helped even more. When they did both—changing goals and giving money right away—people walked the most. This study shows that using phone apps and rewards can make people walk more, which is good for their health.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study called WalkIT Arizona to see if different types of goals and rewards would help people who don't move a lot to be more active. They used technology and special plans to see if they could get more people to walk as part of their daily life or for fun. They had 512 grown-ups, mostly women and white people, try this out for a year. They checked how much these people walked for getting places or just for fun at the start, in the middle, and at the end of the study. They found that everyone walked more by the end of the study. But the way people walked for fun changed more than the way they walked to get places. This shows that when we try to get people to walk more, we need to think about why they are walking. This can help us make better plans to get more people moving. The study was registered and anyone can look it up online to learn more.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to learn more about a brain problem called chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), which can happen to people who have had many head injuries. They used a special brain scan called PET to look at a substance called tau, which builds up in the brains of people with CTE. They compared the brain scans of 104 ex-professional football players, 58 ex-college football players, and 56 older men who never had lots of head injuries. They found that the football players had more tau in certain parts of their brains. Older players over 60 showed a link between tau and the number of times they hit their heads while playing. But the scans couldn't tell if someone had the symptoms of CTE. More research is needed to understand how tau affects the brain after many head injuries. This study is important because it helps us learn how playing football might change the brain and how to tell if someone has CTE.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists wanted to see if playing American football, which can cause lots of hits to the head, might make players more likely to get a brain problem called Alzheimer's disease when they get older. Alzheimer's disease can make it hard for people to remember things and take care of themselves. The researchers used a special brain scan to look for signs of Alzheimer's in former professional and college football players, some of whom were having memory problems, and compared them to men who never played contact sports. They checked 237 men between 45 and 74 years old. The brain scans did not show more signs of Alzheimer's in the football players, even in those who played a lot or had memory issues. This means that the memory problems in these football players might not be caused by Alzheimer's. This is important for doctors to know when they are trying to help players who have memory problems after many hits to the head. It also matters for legal reasons, like when players need to prove their health problems are because of football.
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Abstract Summary: Doctors found that people with a lot of worry and anxiety, especially about their health, might have more heart problems. They think helping these people worry less could make their hearts healthier. So, they're trying out a new way to help using computers and the internet, which is easier for people to use than going to the doctor's office. They're testing this idea with 90 adults who have heart problems and also worry a lot. These adults will try a special computer program that teaches them how to worry less. The doctors will see if the people who use the program start to worry less and if that helps them do better things for their hearts, like eating healthy, exercising, and taking their medicine. If it works, this could be a new way to help lots of people with heart problems and anxiety feel better without making their regular doctor visits harder.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists are studying a brain disease called Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) that can happen to people who have had many head injuries, like football players or boxers. Right now, doctors can't tell if someone has CTE until after they've passed away. A big research project called DIAGNOSE CTE is trying to find ways to spot CTE in people while they are still alive. They are looking at 240 men, some who played football and some who didn't, to see if they can find signs of CTE using special brain scans, tests, and collecting things like blood and saliva. They started checking these men in 2015 and will keep doing it for a few years. The goal is to learn how to tell if someone has CTE early, which could help find ways to treat or prevent the disease in the future.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if a computer program named "Gabby" could help women eat better and take the right vitamins before they get pregnant. They looked at 480 women who had some eating or vitamin habits that could be better. Half of the women talked to Gabby for a year, and the other half got a letter telling them to talk to a doctor. After 6 months, the women who used Gabby were doing better at eating right and taking vitamins than the women who just got a letter. The study shows that Gabby might help lots of women be healthier, especially before having a baby. More research is needed to see if this really helps women and babies stay healthy.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists wanted to see if a special computer program could help African American and Black women get healthier before they have babies, which can make them and their future babies healthier. They tested a program called Gabby that talks to women about their health and gives advice for a whole year. They compared it to just giving women a letter about their health. They found that the women who talked to Gabby were better at taking care of their health risks after 6 months and even after 12 months. This means Gabby could help lots of women get healthier before they have babies, but the scientists say they need to do more research to be sure.
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Abstract Summary: Doctors want to help people with bipolar disorder, a condition where people feel very high and very low in mood. They use a medicine called lithium to make the mood stable, but it doesn't work for everyone. The study is trying to find out why some people get better with lithium and others don't. They are looking at the genes of 700 people with bipolar disorder who are taking lithium to see if their genes can tell us who will get better. They will watch these people for 2 years and also do some tests on cells in the lab to learn more about how lithium works. This research might help doctors know in advance if lithium will work for a person, which could help people feel better faster and save money.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists wanted to see if Body Mass Index (BMI) is a good way to tell if young people with Down syndrome (DS) might have heart or sugar problems, since they often have different body shapes and can be overweight. They looked at 150 young people with DS and 103 without, who were all similar in age, gender, and BMI. They checked their body fat, sugar levels, and other health signs. They found that kids with DS were more likely to have higher bad cholesterol and sugar problems, even though their bodies resisted insulin the same way as kids without DS. Kids with DS also had more fat around their belly, but this didn't fully explain why they had more health issues. So, even if kids with DS and without DS have the same BMI, those with DS might still have a higher chance of getting heart and sugar problems.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists wanted to see if teenagers with Down syndrome have different levels of stiffness in their big body artery compared to other kids. They checked this by measuring the speed of blood pulse waves in 129 teenagers with Down syndrome and 97 other kids who were similar in age, gender, race, and body size. They found that both groups had similar pulse wave speeds and blood pressure. However, when they looked closer, they noticed that in kids with Down syndrome, body size was the only thing linked to pulse wave speed, not age, race, or blood pressure like in other kids. Also, when they adjusted the pulse wave speed for height, it seemed like kids with Down syndrome had stiffer arteries than they actually did. This study is important because it shows that doctors might need to check heart health differently in kids with Down syndrome.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to learn about heart health in young people with Down syndrome (DS), who usually live to be about 60 years old. They wanted to see if the size of the heart's main pumping chamber and how well it works are different in kids with DS compared to kids without DS. They looked at 10 to 20-year-olds, measuring their heart size, muscle mass, and how much they move around. They found that kids with DS are shorter, have less muscle, and their hearts are smaller and stiffer than kids without DS. Usually, doctors measure heart size based on height, but this might not work well for kids with DS because they are often shorter. This study helps us understand that kids with DS might need different ways to check their heart health.
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Abstract Summary: Researchers wanted to find out how kids with Down syndrome (DS) feel about their lives, and if being overweight affects their happiness. They asked parents of kids aged 10 to 20, both with and without Down syndrome, to fill out surveys about their kids' quality of life and how their weight might impact it. They found that parents said kids with Down syndrome didn't feel as good about their physical health and social life as other kids. However, their feelings weren't different when it came to emotions. For kids without Down syndrome, being overweight made them feel worse about their physical health and overall life. But for kids with Down syndrome, being overweight didn't change how they felt. Parents of kids with Down syndrome thought their kids felt better about their bodies and social life than parents of kids without Down syndrome. But all parents agreed that being overweight made kids feel worse about weight-related life quality. The study shows that doctors should help kids with obesity to feel better about themselves, even if they have Down syndrome.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if the tiny living things in our guts (microbes) can tell us how much of a certain molecule, called TMAO, is in our blood. TMAO can be bad for our hearts, and it goes up when we eat red meat. They had healthy people eat different kinds of food, like red meat, white meat, and vegetarian food, for four weeks. They then checked their poop, blood, and pee. They were looking for special parts of the microbes (genes) that might make TMAO. But they found that even if they saw these parts, it didn't really help them guess how much TMAO would be in the blood. They also tried to see if these genes were active in the poop, but that didn't work well either. So, they learned that just because the genes are there, it doesn't mean they can tell how much TMAO will be in someone's body. This is important because it helps us understand that it's not so simple to predict heart disease risk by looking at gut microbes.
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Abstract Summary: This study looked at how eating different types of meat affects our heart health. They had healthy adults eat diets high in red meat, white meat, or non-meat proteins for four weeks each. They found that both red and white meat raised levels of certain fats in the blood that can lead to heart disease, more than non-meat proteins did. This was true no matter how much saturated fat was in the diet. This means that eating more plant-based foods might be better for our hearts, and that white meat isn't necessarily better than red meat for heart health.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists are doing a big study to see if special scores called "Polygenic risk scores" (PRS) can help doctors figure out who might get certain health problems. They're going to tell 25,000 kids and grown-ups if they have a high chance of getting any of 10 different health issues. They're making sure to include people from different backgrounds and those who usually don't get as much medical help. The team talked to lots of people – those who might get their PRS, doctors, and the study team – to learn what they need to know about these scores. They found out that people need more tools and teaching to really understand and use these scores well. The study is making special training and learning stuff to help everyone involved. They're sharing what they learned about teaching people about PRS and how to make it easier for everyone to use. This could help make health care better for lots of people by catching health problems early.
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Abstract Summary: Doctors want to know if understanding a person's family health history and their own unique genes can help prevent diseases. They are studying 25,000 people from different backgrounds to see if sharing this information with patients and doctors helps them make better health choices. They made special reports that include a person's gene information, family health history, and tips for staying healthy. They are checking if people follow these health tips after getting their reports. This study started in February 2022 and might show that knowing about your genes and family health can help keep you healthy.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if not getting enough sleep really does make teenagers with ADHD feel sleepier and have more trouble paying attention and behaving. They had 72 teenagers follow a special sleep plan for 3 weeks, where they sometimes got only 6.5 hours of sleep and other times got 9.5 hours. They used sleep trackers and had the teens visit a lab to check on things. They found out that when the teens didn't sleep much, they felt sleepier, had a harder time paying attention, and were more likely to act out, according to their parents. The teens themselves also felt more tired and slow when they didn't get enough sleep. But, interestingly, they didn't feel as hyper. This study shows that getting enough sleep is really important for teenagers with ADHD and could help them do better during the day.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to learn more about young people with a big kind of sadness called major depression. They wanted to see if these young people were at low or high risk of getting bipolar disorder, which is when someone's mood can change a lot. They also looked at young people with bipolar disorder and young people without any mood problems. They had 106 young people with depression and 32 with bipolar disorder, plus 49 healthy young people. They checked how often the young people had other problems like drinking too much alcohol, being very scared because of a past scary event, having trouble with relationships, and feeling extra sad. They also gave medicine to the depressed young people for up to two years to see if it helped them feel better and if it made their moods swing a lot. They found that the more at risk the young people were for bipolar disorder, the more other problems they had. The medicine helped both low and high-risk groups, but the high-risk group didn't do quite as well after a year and sometimes had bigger mood swings. This study is important because it shows that doctors need to watch young people with depression carefully, especially if they are at high risk for bipolar disorder, when they give them medicine to help with their sadness.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists wanted to see if smartphone apps help teenagers and grown-ups who weigh more than is healthy. They looked at studies where people used apps to try to be more active, eat better, or feel more confident about exercising. They compared people who used these apps to those who didn't or who got other kinds of help. They found 18 studies with 2,703 people. The studies lasted from 2 to 24 months. The results showed that using an app might help a little with exercise and weight, but they weren't sure. The apps didn't seem to change how much people weighed or how they felt about their lives after a year. They also didn't know if the apps caused any problems. Some studies compared different apps or apps with personal coaching, but they didn't find big differences. There weren't many studies on teenagers or on people from poorer countries or different backgrounds. Right now, there are 34 more studies being done, so soon they'll know more. For now, doctors should think carefully before suggesting these apps because the benefits aren't clear yet.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists are doing a study to see if eating for only 10 hours a day can help older people who are a bit too heavy and have health problems like high blood sugar or diabetes. They are comparing this to people who eat over a longer time, like 14 hours a day. They think that eating for less time each day might help people lose weight after 3 months. They will check on things like how much body fat and sugar in the blood the people have, and they will keep an eye on how well they stick to the eating plan. They will also see if the good changes last for a whole year. This study could teach us if eating for a shorter time each day is good for people's health, especially for those who have a higher chance of getting heart disease or diabetes. They plan to have 62 people in the study, but they expect that some might not finish, so they hope to have at least 42 people at the end of the year.
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Abstract Summary: Doctors did a big study on a new birth control pill that doesn't have estrogen in it. This pill has something called drospirenone. They wanted to make sure it works well and is safe for the heart. Over 2500 women tried this new pill, and it worked really well to prevent pregnancy. They also checked to see if it caused any blood clot problems or changed the heart's health, and it didn't. Even women who usually have a higher chance of heart problems were safe taking it. This is good news because now women have another choice for birth control that's safe for their hearts.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if they could use a special test on pee to check if women with a certain kind of breast cancer were taking their medicine like they should. They asked women who were supposed to take a medicine called anastrozole to give a pee sample and answer some questions. They found that most women had the medicine in their pee, but a few didn't, which meant they might not be taking their medicine right. This pee test could be a good way to make sure patients are following their treatment plan, which is important for their health.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to help people who have trouble feeling happy or motivated, which can be a sign of different mental health issues. They tested two ways to help: one called Behavioral Activation Treatment for Anhedonia (BATA) and another called Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT). Adults who were having these problems tried one of the two methods for a few weeks. They found that both ways helped people about the same amount, and there wasn't one that was better than the other. This is good news because it means there are different options that can help people feel better.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if therapy could help people who don't feel pleasure, a problem called anhedonia. They used a special brain scanner to look at parts of the brain deep inside the head in 116 people. These people tried two kinds of talking therapies to see if they would start feeling better. The researchers checked if the size of certain brain areas changed with therapy and if these changes were linked to people feeling less anhedonia. They found that even though people felt better after therapy, the sizes of those brain parts didn't change. This means that the size of these brain parts might not be a good way to tell if therapy is working for anhedonia.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if doing homework from therapy helps people feel more joy in life. They had two groups: one did an activity-focused therapy, and the other did a mindfulness therapy. They checked how much pleasure people felt every week for 15 weeks. They found that both therapies helped people feel better, but the amount of homework didn't always make a big difference. If someone did more homework than usual for them, they felt even better after that session, but doing a lot of homework overall didn't mean they felt better than others. This was especially true for the activity-focused therapy. The study tells us that for people getting therapy, it might help to focus on doing homework for each session rather than worrying about doing a lot of homework all the time.
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Abstract Summary: Doctors wanted to see if a special online 3D world could help adults with type 2 diabetes take better care of themselves compared to a regular website with the same information. They had 211 people join the study and split them into two groups. One group used the 3D world, and the other group used the regular website. They checked on the participants after 3, 6, and 12 months to see how they were doing with their eating, exercise, and health numbers like blood sugar and cholesterol. After a year, they found that the people using the 3D world lost a bit more weight than the other group, but both groups got more active and had better health numbers. This was especially true for people who started with higher blood sugar levels. The study showed that having different kinds of help, like the 3D world and the website, can make it easier for people with diabetes to take care of their health.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if a new kind of therapy could help people who don't feel pleasure from things they used to enjoy, a problem called anhedonia. They also wanted to know if feeling less stressed out could make people feel more pleasure again. They had 72 people try two different therapies for 15 weeks. They found that both therapies helped people feel less stressed and more able to enjoy things. They also learned that if people felt less stressed at the beginning of therapy, they were more likely to start enjoying things a few weeks later. This study tells us that it's really important to check how stressed someone is when they're getting treatment for not feeling pleasure, because feeling less stressed can help them get better.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists are studying a computer program to see if it can help older people's brains stay sharp and possibly prevent memory problems like Alzheimer's disease. People who are 65 or older and still have good thinking skills can join the study. They will either play special brain-training games or other computer games for a while. After three years, the researchers will check to see if their brains are still working well. They will also look at their blood to find clues about brain health. This study is important because it might give us a new way to keep our brains healthy without using medicine.
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Abstract Summary: This study looked at how to improve conversations between doctors, patients, and families about end-of-life care. The researchers looked at different ways to help these conversations, like using a list of questions or giving feedback to doctors. They found that these methods might not make a big difference in how much people understand about their illness, how they feel about their conversations with doctors, or their quality of life. They also didn't find any bad effects from these methods. The researchers think more studies are needed to find the best ways to help these important conversations. This could help make sure people get the best care when they are very sick.
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Abstract Summary: Doctors wanted to help women with advanced breast cancer make tough choices about their care, especially as they near the end of their lives. These decisions are really hard and can make people feel upset. The doctors created a special online program to see if it could help these women and their families talk about and decide on their medical care. They had some women use the program and others wait to use it. They found out that more than half of the women who used the program were able to make important health care choices and write them down, which is a big step. Most of them felt the program really helped them decide what was best for them, and they would tell others to use it too. However, the program didn't seem to make it easier for them to make decisions compared to those who didn't use it yet. This study shows that online help can be a good way for people to get support when they can't meet in person.
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Abstract Summary: This study looked at how well special clinics in the US are doing at treating a condition called familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), which is when you have really high cholesterol that runs in your family. They studied 1900 people, mostly women and white, who were about 56 years old on average. They found that while the clinics were able to lower patients' bad cholesterol levels, over half of the patients still had levels that were too high. Also, patients who already had heart disease when they started treatment were more likely to have serious heart problems later. This suggests that we need to start treating FH earlier and more aggressively to prevent heart disease.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if a numbing gel put inside the pee tube changes how well women can pee. They had 23 healthy women try peeing normally and then after using either the numbing gel or a fake gel. They checked how much pee came out and how much stayed inside. They also asked the women if they felt any pain and did some special tests to see how their pee muscles worked. They found that the numbing gel didn't make a big difference in how much pee came out. But, women who used the numbing gel had more stops and starts when they peed and their pee muscles were more active. This study helps us understand that the numbing gel doesn't make it harder for women to pee, but it might change the way they pee a little bit.
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Abstract Summary: Doctors want to help people with long-term sicknesses like diabetes take care of themselves better. They made a special computer program called LIVE© that can teach people skills and let them talk to others with the same sickness. This program is cool because it can be changed to help with lots of different sicknesses, not just one. They checked to see if the program was easy to use and half of the people said it was good. They found some mistakes, but they have ideas on how to fix them. This program could be really helpful for lots of sick people in the future.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists wanted to see if using a special breathing machine at night could help people with asthma breathe better. They tested 194 people with asthma by giving them different levels of air pressure through the machine or a pretend (sham) treatment. They checked to see if the air pressure made it easier for the people to breathe after 12 weeks. They found out that all the groups, even the pretend one, got better at breathing, but the machine didn't seem to make a big difference. The scientists think that just being in the study or breathing warm, moist, clean air might have helped everyone breathe better. They also learned that not many people liked using the machine every night. This study shows that the special breathing machine might not be very helpful for people with asthma who already have their asthma under control.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists are studying a new way to help people with Type 2 diabetes take care of their health. They created a special online place where people with diabetes can talk to each other and to doctors in real-time. This study, called the Diabetes Learning in Virtual Environments (LIVE) trial, will see if this online community is better than just using a regular website for learning about diet and exercise. They will have 300 people from two cities join the study. Some will use the new virtual community, and others will use a regular website. The researchers will check how well the participants manage their diabetes and how they feel emotionally over 18 months. If the virtual community helps people take better care of their diabetes, this idea could be used for other health problems too. This could make it easier for more people to get help and support for their health.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see how the brain changes after a stroke and how these changes affect the use of a person's hand. They looked at 35 people who had a stroke that made it hard for them to move their hand. They used a special machine to take pictures of their brains and another machine to test the muscles in their hands. They found that when the stroke damaged a bigger part of the brain, the brain tried to reorganize itself more, but this didn't always help the hand get better. In fact, if the stroke was really big or if the part of the brain that sends signals to the hand was hurt a lot, the hand didn't work as well. This study helps doctors understand that the size of the stroke and where it happens in the brain can affect how much the hand can recover after a stroke.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists are working on a new way to make vaccines to fight HIV, a virus that can make people very sick. They tried a special method to make four different parts of the virus that the vaccine can use to teach the body to protect itself. They used the same tools and steps to make all four parts, which made the process faster and easier. They were able to make these parts in a way that is safe for use in people. This new method worked well and could help make other vaccines in the future. This is important because it could help us fight against other bad viruses and keep people healthy.
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Abstract Summary: The MECA Study is a project that looks at why some black people in Atlanta, Georgia, stay healthy even when they live in areas with a lot of heart disease. Researchers identified neighborhoods with high and low rates of heart disease. They surveyed over 1400 people about their health and lifestyle, and did medical tests on about 500 of them. They also used a special measure called Life Simple 7 to see how healthy people's habits were. Finally, they gave 150 people with low Life Simple 7 scores a health coach or a health app to see if it helped them get healthier. The goal is to understand what helps people stay healthy even when they have risk factors for heart disease.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to learn how adults with epilepsy take care of themselves to control their seizures, lessen the problems epilepsy can cause, and live a better life. They asked 422 adults with epilepsy from different places about the things they do to manage their health. They found that these adults often did things like taking their medicine, learning about epilepsy, dealing with symptoms, and talking to their doctors. But they didn't often look for help from friends or do healthy activities as much. The study also found that how much money people make, whether they are a man or a woman, and how much school they've finished can change how they manage their epilepsy. This information is important because it can help everyone understand how to better support people with epilepsy in their daily lives.
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Abstract Summary: This study aimed to test a new tool for measuring how well adults with epilepsy manage their condition. The researchers created a 113-question survey based on previous research and expert advice. They then tested this survey on 422 adults with epilepsy. After analyzing the results, they shortened the survey to 65 questions that cover 11 areas, such as communication with healthcare providers, coping strategies, and medication adherence. The survey was found to be reliable and accurately reflected the health status, quality of life, and severity of seizures in the participants. This tool could be useful in future research and in helping doctors understand how well their patients are managing their epilepsy.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists studied a gene called APOL1 to see if it is linked to kidney disease and heart disease in African Americans. They looked at the health of 2,571 African Americans, checking their kidney function, the amount of protein in their urine, and if they had any heart problems. They found that people with certain versions of the APOL1 gene were more likely to have signs of early kidney disease, but these gene versions did not make it more likely for them to have heart disease. This information is important because it helps doctors understand who might be at risk for kidney disease, so they can watch and help these people more closely.
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Abstract Summary: Doctors are studying how to best treat high blood pressure because it can lead to serious health problems like heart disease and strokes. They're doing a big study called the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) to see if treating people to have a lower blood pressure than what is usually recommended is better for their health. They have two groups in the study: one group is treated to have their blood pressure below 140, and the other group is treated to have it even lower, below 120. They asked people over 50 years old with high blood pressure and other health risks, like heart disease or kidney problems, to join the study. They wanted to include lots of different people, including older adults and those with kidney disease or a history of heart problems. From 2010 to 2013, they got 9,361 people to join the study. They will watch these people to see if having a lower blood pressure prevents heart attacks, strokes, or other health issues. This study will help us understand if treating blood pressure more aggressively is a good idea for people with high health risks.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to learn more about who helps people with epilepsy and how they help them take care of themselves. They looked at answers from people with epilepsy who used a helpful online program. Most people said they had someone to support them, like parents or a boyfriend or girlfriend. These supporters gave emotional help, reminded them to take their medicine, and helped with other ways to stay healthy. About 1 out of 10 people said they had no one to help them. Knowing this can help create better ways to support people with epilepsy in their daily lives.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists made a website called WebEase to help people with epilepsy take their medicine, feel less stressed, and sleep better. They wanted to see if the website really helped. Some people got to use the website right away (the treatment group), and some had to wait (the waitlist control group). There were 148 people in the study. After some time, the people who used the website were better at taking their medicine than those who had to wait. Also, the ones who did some of the website activities felt more confident and seemed to manage their epilepsy better. The study shows that websites like WebEase can really help people with epilepsy take care of themselves.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see why kids copy actions they don't need to do, which is called overimitation. They found out that as kids get older, they copy these extra actions even more. They made a special puzzle and showed kids videos on how to solve it in different ways: a simple way, a way with extra unnecessary steps, and a way that copied someone else. They noticed that older kids were better at copying both the necessary and the unnecessary steps than younger kids. After watching a video with extra steps, even if kids knew a simpler way, they still copied the extra steps. This study helps us understand that not only do kids like to copy others, but as they grow up, they get even better at it, whether the actions are useful or not. This can teach us about how kids learn and think as they grow.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to learn about how young kids remember things they see. They used a game called "Spin the Pots" where kids had to remember where hidden stickers were. They had 640 kids, ages 2 to 4, play this game at home or in a museum. They used math to guess how many tries it should take to find all the stickers by chance. They found that kids were actually better at finding the stickers than just guessing. Older kids and girls were especially good at this. Some kids used colors to help them remember where they put the stickers, and this strategy worked really well. This study helps us understand how kids start to get better at remembering things they see as they grow up.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists wanted to find out if learning patterns of behavior by watching others is something special to humans. They did an experiment with young kids and orangutans, where they had to learn patterns either by trying themselves or by watching someone else do it first. They found that both kids and orangutans could learn by trying, but only the older kids could learn by watching. This shows that orangutans can learn patterns, but not as well by watching others. This study helps us understand how humans are different from other animals when it comes to learning new things like using tools, speaking, and following traditions.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists wanted to know if kids learn to copy actions because they have a special skill for it or just because they learn like they do other things. They had a group of 3- and 4-year-olds practice different activities. Some kids practiced copying where things were placed, others copied different items, some tried to remember things on their own, and a last group just played a drawing game on a touchscreen. After practicing, they checked if the kids got better at copying new actions. Only the kids who practiced copying where things were placed got much better. This means that copying might be a special skill that kids have, not just a regular way of learning. This is important because it helps us understand how kids learn and could help in teaching them new things.
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Abstract Summary: This study wanted to see if kids with autism are driven to explain things they don't understand, just like other kids. The researchers gave kids with and without autism some problems they couldn't solve, both about physical things and about social situations. They found that kids with autism were really driven to explain the physical problems, but not the social ones. This didn't change even if the kids with autism had trouble with social skills or communication. So, it seems like kids with autism do have a drive to explain things, but it might only apply to certain areas.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists wanted to learn more about how kids learn by copying others' goals and actions. They had 215 preschool kids play two games on touch screens. One game was about remembering and touching pictures in a certain order, like apple, boy, cat. The other game was about touching the same picture in different places, like up, then down, then right. They found that the kids learned to copy goals and actions both when they were with others and when they were alone. But, learning to remember and touch the pictures in order was mostly learned with others. This study helps us understand that as kids grow, they get better at copying goals in different ways, and this can happen when they're playing alone or with friends.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if things like size, color, and how many there are help kids and orangutans remember the order of pictures. First, they showed them different pictures on a screen and asked them to remember the order. They tried with just random pictures and then with pictures that changed by size, color, or number. It turned out that these hints didn't really help either the kids or the orangutans remember better. Then, they trained the orangutans with one kind of picture order based on number and tested them with new pictures. After training, the orangutans did better at remembering the order when the pictures changed by number. This means that both kids and orangutans can learn to put things in order if they are taught how, but they don't just do it on their own without being taught. This is important because it helps us understand how kids and orangutans think and learn.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists wanted to know if the way kids learn changes as they grow up. They tested 215 kids between 2 and 5 years old with games on a touchscreen. The kids had to remember and copy patterns with pictures or directions. The researchers found that older kids were better at copying and remembering than younger kids. They also noticed that kids were better at learning by watching others or remembering than by guessing. The study showed that as kids get older, they get better at copying movements and learning from others. This helps us understand how kids learn and why humans are good at learning from each other.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists wanted to know if kids' memory affects how they copy what they see. They had 165 little kids do a game on a touch-screen where they had to touch pictures in a certain order or tap one picture twice, just like a grown-up showed them. They tried this with an easy version (2 pictures) and a harder one (3 pictures). They found out that kids were better at copying both things with the easy version. When kids only copied one thing, they chose different things for the easy and hard versions. Even when told to ignore the double-tap, kids still followed the same pattern. This study tells us that kids' memory might influence not only how much they copy, but also what they choose to copy, which can change the way they learn by watching others.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did four computer tests to see if kids copy actions in a special way and how this copying is linked to other ways of learning, like trying until you get it right, remembering, and watching then doing. In the first test, 3-year-olds could copy new thinking rules, like "first this, then that," with different pictures each time. But they couldn't copy new action rules, like "up then down," with the same picture staying in one place. The second test showed kids could remember new action rules they learned by trying many times, even after waiting for a little bit. The third test found that kids could figure out new action rules by watching someone else do it partly right and partly wrong. The fourth test showed kids could copy action rules they already knew, like "left to right," but not new, tricky ones. The big finding is that kids learn to copy in different ways, and this doesn't always mix with other ways of learning. This helps us understand how kids learn and could help in teaching them better.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did three experiments to see how 4-year-old kids think about and learn from a computer that seems to do things by itself, like a "ghost" is making it happen. In the first experiment, kids tried to remember a sequence of pictures by either guessing, copying someone, or using the "ghost" computer after hearing a story. They learned from all methods and thought the computer was doing things on purpose. In the second experiment, without any training or stories, the kids didn't learn from the "ghost" computer, but still thought it was doing things on purpose. In the third experiment, kids watched a person and then tried to do the same thing with or without the computer's help. They learned well this way, especially better than just from the "ghost" computer. The studies show that kids are better at learning from people than from computers that act on their own. This is important because it tells us that when teaching kids, having a person there to help is really useful.
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Abstract Summary: This study looked at kids with type 1 diabetes and compared their blood to healthy kids. They found that even though both groups had the same amount of good cholesterol, the kids with diabetes had different proteins in their cholesterol. Some of these proteins changed depending on how well the diabetes was controlled. The study also found that some proteins were different only in kids with well-controlled diabetes, which might be due to the insulin they take. It's not clear yet what these changes mean for the kids' health, so more research is needed.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if young people with type 1 diabetes have different levels of certain fat particles in their blood that could make heart disease more likely. They compared these young people with diabetes to healthy kids. They found that the kids with diabetes had more bad fat particles and fewer good ones that help clean up cholesterol. This means they might have a higher chance of getting heart disease. The study suggests that doctors should check these fat particles in kids with diabetes to help prevent heart problems later on.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if people who are really nice and like to help others would also be more likely to punish someone for being unfair in a game where you decide how to split money. This game is called the Ultimatum Game. They thought that if you're someone who does a lot of good things for others, you might also be the kind of person who would punish someone for not sharing fairly. But when they looked at people who are known for being super kind, they found out that these people didn't punish unfairness any more than regular people. They also found out that just because someone says they are nice doesn't mean they will actually do nice things. This study helps us understand that being willing to lose something to punish someone might not always be about being nice to others; it could be for other reasons, like wanting to look good in front of friends.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study on people who are super kind—like those who give away a kidney to someone they don't know. They wanted to see if the brains of these super kind people worked differently. They used special machines to look at the brains of these kidney donors and compared them to other people. They found that a part of the super kind people's brains, called the right amygdala, was bigger and reacted more when they saw scared faces. This might mean they're really good at noticing when someone is scared. This is interesting because people who aren't very nice, like psychopaths, have a smaller right amygdala that doesn't react much to scared faces. This study helps us think that maybe our brains help us be kind to others, and scientists want to learn more about how our brains make us want to help people.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to help regular people learn how to use a special nose spray to save someone who has taken too much of a strong pain medicine called opioids. They made a program called the Opioid Rapid Response System (ORRS) to teach people and see if it works. They tested it in Indiana with adults who weren't already trained to help in emergencies. They found out that people liked to join the program to help their community more than just for personal reasons. After training, these people knew more about how to tell if someone has taken too many opioids and felt more sure they could help. They also weren't as worried about helping, but their willingness to help didn't change much because they already wanted to help a lot. This study shows that teaching people online is a good way to quickly spread the knowledge on how to save lives with the nose spray.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists are trying to see if regular people, like you and me, can help save lives when someone has taken too many pain medicines called opioids. Sometimes, these medicines can make a person stop breathing, and they need a special medicine called naloxone really fast to wake up again. The study is about teaching people through the internet how to give naloxone to someone who needs it. They want to know if people can learn this online and then be ready to help in their own neighborhoods. They asked 220 people from five places in Indiana to join the study. Some people got the training right away, and others had to wait two weeks. They checked to see how much the people learned and if they felt okay about helping in an emergency. Everyone who learned got a naloxone kit to carry with them. The big idea is that if more people know how to use naloxone, they can help save lives before the ambulance arrives. This could be a smart and cheap way to help people who overdose on opioids, and the way they're doing this study might help with other emergencies too.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if a new kind of medicine could help people with epilepsy, a brain problem that causes seizures. Some people with epilepsy don't get better with regular medicine, so the scientists wanted to see if medicines that change the immune system could help. They looked at three studies with 172 people who had a type of epilepsy that starts in one part of the brain. The new medicine seemed to help reduce seizures better than a fake medicine with no active ingredients. But they weren't sure if people would stop taking the new medicine because of side effects, like feeling dizzy or having a stomachache. They also didn't know if it would make people's thinking skills or how they felt about life any better. The scientists think more studies are needed to be sure if this new medicine is good for people with epilepsy.
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Abstract Summary: This study is about helping immigrant women who have been hurt by their partners. The researchers are testing a special online program to see if it can make these women feel safer and stronger. First, the women are put into two groups. One group uses the online program, and the other group gets regular help. They check how the women are doing after 3, 6, and 12 months. If some women don't feel better after 3 months, they try different ways of helping them, like sending texts or making phone calls. The goal is to find the best way to help each woman. If the program works well, it could be used by people who help immigrant women everywhere. The study's number is NCT04098276, and it started on September 13, 2019.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists are studying two new chemicals, DMA and 11β-MNT, to see if they can be used as birth control for men. They wanted to find out if these chemicals change how the body uses sugar and fat. They gave these chemicals, or a pretend pill, to healthy men for 28 days and then checked their blood. They found that both chemicals made some changes, like a small weight gain and changes in good and bad cholesterol levels, but they didn't make the body worse at using sugar. One chemical slightly lowered a fat-related substance in the blood, but the other didn't. The study says that even though these new chemicals didn't cause big problems with sugar use, doctors should still watch carefully for any changes in how the body works when testing new man-birth control pills.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists are studying a new pill for men, called DMAU, that could prevent pregnancy. They gave the pill to healthy men to see if it changes two things in their blood that can affect their bones. They found that while the pill lowers some hormones, it seems to make the body work on building bones. They didn't see any big changes in a sign that bones are breaking down. This is just a first step, and they need to do more research to make sure that this pill is safe for men's bones in the long run.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if a medicine called DMAU is safe for men to take and if it can lower certain hormones in their bodies. They gave 100 men different amounts of DMAU for 28 days. They checked the men's health and hormone levels before, during, and after the study. They found out that the medicine didn't cause any serious problems and was safe. When men took higher doses of DMAU, it made their hormone levels go down a lot. This is important because it means DMAU could possibly be used as a way for men to prevent having babies.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists are studying a new kind of birth control for men. They tested a medicine called DMAU in three different mixes to see which one works best when swallowed. They gave the medicine to groups of men to see how safe it was and how well it worked. They found that all three mixes were safe and worked well when the men ate food with the medicine. But one special mix, called SEDDS, worked even when the men didn't eat. This is good news because it means DMAU could be a useful pill for men to prevent pregnancy.
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Abstract Summary: I'm sorry, but I can't access external websites like ClinicalTrials.gov to look up specific studies or unique identifiers like NCT01960946. However, if you provide me with the abstract text, I'd be happy to help summarize it for you!
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Abstract Summary: Scientists are studying a new way to help people with a mental health issue called borderline personality disorder (BPD). They want to see if watching special videos online can help these people feel better. The videos will teach them about BPD and how to handle it. There will be 100 adults who have just found out they have BPD taking part in the study. They will be split into two groups. One group will watch the BPD videos, and the other group will watch videos about other mental health topics. Everyone will answer questions every day about how they feel and act. They will also take some tests on the computer. Some people will get extra help by getting feedback on how they're doing. The study will check if the videos and the extra feedback can make people with BPD feel less lonely, less sensitive to feeling rejected, think clearer, and understand themselves better. If this works, it could lead to more studies and help lots of people with BPD in an easy and cheap way. The study's details are saved on a website called ClinicalTrials.gov with the number NCT05358925.
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Abstract Summary: Doctors wanted to see if certain medicines could help adults who had a type of brain bleed that happens suddenly, without an injury. They looked at studies where patients got either the special medicine or a pretend medicine (placebo) to compare what happened. They checked if the brain bleed got bigger and if people got better or worse. They found that one medicine didn't really change the chances of getting better or the bleed growing. Another medicine didn't change much either, but it did help a little to stop the bleed from getting bigger. A treatment with platelets (a part of blood) might actually make things worse. And for people taking blood thinners, they weren't sure if a different treatment helped or not. The doctors are still waiting for more studies to be sure about these treatments. This information is important because it can help decide the best way to treat people with this kind of brain bleed.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists are doing a study to see if using cannabis (like marijuana) can help people who have a lot of pain and take strong pain medicines called opioids. They want to see if cannabis can make people feel better, use fewer opioids, and still manage their pain well. About 250 adults who have pain all the time and take opioids will join the study. These people are interested in trying cannabis to see if it helps with their pain or lets them take less of their pain medicine. They will be split into two groups: one group will use cannabis from stores, and the other group won't use cannabis for 6 months. Everyone will also get help to learn how to use less opioids. The researchers will check if the people using cannabis take less opioids and if their pain changes. They will also look at how happy and active the people are, and if they have any problems like feeling sad or worried. The study has been approved to make sure it's safe, and the results will be shared with everyone later.
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Abstract Summary: Doctors are doing a big study called FASTEST to see if a special medicine called rFVIIa can help people who have had a very bad kind of stroke that causes bleeding in the brain. This bleeding can get worse and cause more damage or even death. The medicine might work best if given really quickly, within 2 hours after the stroke starts. They're going to test this medicine on about 860 people in different countries who just had this kind of stroke. These people can't be taking certain blood-thinning drugs, and they can't be too deeply unconscious. Some will get the real medicine, and some will get a pretend medicine to compare. After 6 months, the doctors will check how well everyone is doing. They're also making sure the study is safe and that it follows the rules for testing new treatments. This study is important because it might help doctors learn how to treat this dangerous kind of stroke better and save more lives.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a special test to see if a natural substance from citrus fruits, called modified citrus pectin, could help people with high blood pressure and high levels of something called galectin-3, which might be bad for their hearts. They chose some people with these issues and gave half of them the citrus substance and the other half a pretend treatment. They found out that people with more galectin-3 often were women, had diabetes, or had kidneys that weren't working very well. But, after trying the citrus stuff, it didn't really change anything about how their bodies handled a certain kind of protein that's important for their hearts. The scientists think they should look more into how this citrus substance might help people with heart problems.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a big study to see how different kinds of talking and activity therapies help adults who have been hurt by sexual violence. They looked at many studies from all over the world and found that these therapies can really help reduce bad feelings and stress. Most of the people in the studies were women, and the therapies included things like talking about feelings, learning how to deal with tough emotions, and doing special exercises like yoga. The therapies seemed to work well right after treatment, but the scientists aren't sure if they help in the long run. They think more research is needed, especially to see if these therapies help men and people with very bad stress from the violence. They also want to compare different kinds of therapies to find out which ones are the best.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if a popular weight loss program called Weight Watchers, which includes meetings and online tools, helps people with type 2 diabetes. They compared it to the usual diabetes diet advice. They had 563 adults with type 2 diabetes join the study and split them into two groups. One group used Weight Watchers and also got to talk to a diabetes teacher over the phone and email. The other group just got regular diet advice and some information to read. After one year, they checked how everyone was doing. The Weight Watchers group did better! Their blood sugar levels improved more, they lost more weight, and more of them were able to take less diabetes medicine. They also had smaller waists and less inflammation, but other heart risk factors didn't change much. The study shows that joining a weight loss program like Weight Watchers can be a good way for people with diabetes to get healthier. It's easy to find and can work well with advice from diabetes teachers.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if a new kind of birth control pill is safe and works well. This pill has different amounts of hormones and is taken for a longer time than usual pills. Women between 18 and 40 years old took the pill for one year. They wrote down if they took the pill every day, if they had any bleeding that wasn't part of their normal period, and if they used any other kind of birth control. The results showed that the pill was good at preventing pregnancy, and it was safe for the women to use. As the women took more of the pill, they had less unexpected bleeding. The study found that this new pill could be a good option for women to prevent pregnancy.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if parents would let their kids join studies about a special shot that protects against HPV, a germ that can make people sick. They asked 256 parents some questions and found that about half said yes. More white parents than African American parents knew about the shot, but both groups were almost the same in wanting to get their kids the shot. Parents were more likely to say yes if they knew more about the shot's benefits, trusted the doctors doing the study, and could easily understand the information about the study. The study suggests that if doctors explain the shot's benefits in simple ways and build trust with parents, more parents might let their kids join these important studies. This could help all kids, especially those from different backgrounds, stay healthy.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if a medicine called canagliflozin helps people with type 2 diabetes by improving their heart health. They looked at things like the difference between the highest and lowest blood pressure numbers, the average blood pressure, and how hard the heart works during each beat. They used information from other studies where people with diabetes either got canagliflozin or a placebo, which is like a sugar pill with no medicine in it. They found that canagliflozin helped lower blood pressure and made the heart work less hard compared to the placebo. This means the medicine might be good for the hearts of people with diabetes. The people in the study also handled the medicine well, which means it was safe for them to take. This research is important because it shows that canagliflozin could help keep the hearts of people with diabetes healthy.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists made a special survey to understand if parents would let their kids, who are 9 to 15 years old, join studies about HPV (a kind of virus) vaccines. They asked parents and experts to help make the survey better, like changing the words on a flyer. Then, 256 parents filled out the survey. The survey asked if they would say yes to their kids being in a study and what things might change their mind, like trusting the doctors or knowing the good things about the HPV vaccine. The survey worked well and showed that parents who trust doctors and know a lot about HPV are more likely to let their kids be in a study. The survey's questions were good at telling different things apart, like trust and knowledge. It could guess pretty well whether parents would agree to let their kids join a study. This survey is important because it helps us understand what makes parents say yes to studies. If we know this, we can help more parents feel okay about letting their kids be in important health studies in the future. But, the scientists say they need to do more tests on the survey to be sure it's really good.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to understand what African American women with type 2 diabetes want from treatments that help them manage their diabetes and weight. They asked 34 women to write down and talk about what they hoped to achieve from joining a special health program. The researchers listened to what the women said and found that most of their goals were about learning to take care of themselves, losing weight, wanting to help others with diabetes, feeling better emotionally, getting rid of diabetes, and not needing medicine for diabetes anymore. This study is important because it helps doctors and health programs know what these women really want to get better, so they can make the programs more helpful for them.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists have created an app that uses augmented reality (AR) to help people quit smoking. The app works by showing smokers images that make them want to smoke (cues), and then helps them get used to these cues without smoking. In a test, daily smokers used the app in places where they usually smoke. The results were promising: most people found the app easy to use and realistic, and over half of them smoked less after using the app. This could be a new way to help people quit smoking, and maybe even other addictions. The next step is a bigger test to see how well the app works.
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Abstract Summary: This study was about helping people quit smoking using a new tool on their smartphones. The researchers created a special app that shows images related to smoking or neutral images. They thought that showing smokers these images might help reduce their desire to smoke. They tested this idea with 129 smokers. The results showed that those who saw the smoking-related images had less desire to smoke afterwards compared to those who saw neutral images. However, seeing these images didn't make them wait longer before smoking again. This study suggests that this app could be a useful tool to help people quit smoking.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if a medicine called sodium oxybate could help people with a shaky voice, a condition where muscles in the throat move without control. This shaking can make the voice sound wobbly or change volume unexpectedly. It's hard to treat, especially when compared to shaking in the arms or legs. In the study, people with shaky voice took the medicine and then had a special brain scan called an MRI. The researchers wanted to see if the medicine made the shaking less and what it did to the brain. They found that after taking the medicine, most of the people's voices got a lot better—about 40% better! This improvement happened about 40 minutes after taking the medicine and lasted for around 3.5 hours. The brain scans showed that the medicine made certain parts of the brain work more normally and helped these parts communicate better with each other. This is good news because it means sodium oxybate might be a new medicine that can help people who have a shaky voice, especially if their condition gets better when they drink alcohol.
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Abstract Summary: Doctors have been looking into a special treatment for people with very serious depression that doesn't get better with regular treatments. This treatment is called deep brain stimulation, where they use a device to send tiny electric signals to a part of the brain called the subcallosal cingulate. They checked on 28 people who got this treatment for 4 to 8 years. They found that more than half of the people felt a lot better and stayed that way for a long time. The treatment was safe, and the people didn't have bad reactions to it. This is good news because it means that this treatment could really help people with tough-to-treat depression.
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Abstract Summary: Doctors wanted to see if a special kind of brain treatment could help people with OCD, a condition where people have unwanted thoughts and do the same things over and over. They used a machine to send magnetic signals to certain parts of the brain in 99 people with OCD. Some people got the real treatment, and others got a pretend one to compare. They did this every day for 6 weeks and checked how much better the people felt using a special score. They found out that the people who got the real brain signals felt a lot better than those who got the pretend one. Even a month after the treatment, the people who got the real signals still felt better. This study shows that this brain treatment might be a good way to help people with OCD, especially if other treatments haven't worked for them.
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Abstract Summary: Doctors are trying to find a pill to help with a muscle problem called dystonia, where muscles contract uncontrollably. Right now, they use shots to relax the muscles, but these shots don't last long and don't work for everyone. They found a new pill, sodium oxybate, that might help people whose dystonia gets better when they drink alcohol. To see how this pill works, they looked at the brain activity of people with a type of dystonia that affects the voice, both before and after they took the pill. They also looked at people without dystonia. The pill seemed to calm down the overactive parts of the brain that cause dystonia. This means the pill might be a good way to treat dystonia by fixing the brain activity that's not normal.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if drinking alcohol helps people with a voice condition called laryngeal dystonia (LD), which makes talking difficult. They asked 531 people with LD to fill out a survey online. Most of these people said they drink alcohol, and more than half noticed that their voice got better after they had a drink. This improvement was also seen by their friends and family. The better voice lasted for 1 to 3 hours, and usually, two drinks were the most helpful. The study suggests that alcohol might affect the brain chemicals that are involved in LD, and this could lead to new treatments for people with this voice problem.
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Abstract Summary: Doctors wanted to find out the best way to help older people who were still feeling sad even after taking medicine for depression. They did a study with two parts. In the first part, they gave some people an extra medicine called aripiprazole, some got an extra medicine called bupropion, and some stopped their old medicine and just took bupropion. They found that adding aripiprazole made people feel a bit happier than just switching to bupropion. In the second part, for people who didn't feel better after the first part, they tried adding lithium or switching to a medicine called nortriptyline. Both of these changes helped people feel a little happier, but there wasn't a big difference between the two. This study helps doctors know better ways to help older adults who have depression that's hard to treat.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists are studying how to help people who work in places like restaurants, stores, and homes, especially Black and Latino/Hispanic workers, get tested for COVID-19 more often. These workers are more likely to catch the virus and often don't get tested enough. The study will try out different ways to encourage testing, like having talks to motivate them, sending helpful text messages, teaching through friends, and making tests easier to get. They want to find the best mix of these methods that works well and isn't too expensive. They will work with 448 workers who haven't been tested or vaccinated recently to see which methods help the most. They will also talk to 50 workers in more detail to understand better. This research could lead to better ways to keep people safe from COVID-19, especially those who have a higher chance of getting sick.
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Abstract Summary: This study, called "Couples Lived Experiences," is looking at how the lives of older couples change when one person starts to have trouble with their memory and thinking. The researchers want to know how these changes affect the feelings and health of both people in the couple. Before, most studies only looked at the person with memory problems or the person taking care of them, but not both together. The study will ask 300 couples to answer questions every six months for three years. They will use special surveys to learn about the couple's relationship and how it affects their happiness, health, and if they need more help, like moving to a nursing home. They will also talk to the couples to understand their stories better. The information from this study will help create ways to help older couples stay happy and healthy when one of them starts to have memory problems.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if a brain chemical called orexin-A is connected to signs of Alzheimer's disease in the brain fluid of older people who don't have memory problems. They also wanted to know if orexin-A is related to how well these people think and sleep. They had 63 older adults do sleep tests at home, take thinking tests, and get a special procedure to collect brain fluid. They made sure these people didn't have other health issues that could affect their brains. They found that higher levels of orexin-A were linked to higher levels of certain signs in the brain fluid that might predict Alzheimer's disease. This link was especially strong with a sign called P-Tau. The amount of orexin-A didn't seem to change because of other health or sleep issues the people had. This study is important because it suggests that the brain chemical orexin-A could be involved in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. Understanding this could help us figure out how to keep people's brains healthy as they get older.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists wanted to see if smartphone apps help teenagers and grown-ups who weigh more than is healthy. They looked at studies where people used apps to try to be more active, eat better, or feel more confident about their health. They compared people who used these apps to those who didn't do much or used other methods like personal coaching. They found that apps might help a little, but they're not sure. Some studies showed that apps didn't really change how much people exercised or their body weight after a year. They also didn't find much difference in how people felt about their health or their eating habits. They checked a lot of studies, but the results weren't clear because the apps were all different. They also said we need more research, especially for teenagers and people in different countries or from different backgrounds. For now, doctors should think carefully before suggesting these apps because we don't know how much they help. More studies are coming, so we might learn more soon.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to help older people who are really scared of getting Alzheimer's disease or similar problems. They wanted to see if a special short program could make them feel better and improve their lives. They had 81 older people try two different programs. Both programs taught them about the disease and how to be aware of their fears without letting them take over. One program also had extra activities to help people stop avoiding things they were scared of. They checked on the people for a few weeks to see how they were doing. The good news is that both programs helped the people feel less scared and less likely to avoid things because of their fear. They also felt better about their memory, were less anxious and sad, and enjoyed being with others more. The program with the extra activities was even better at helping with sadness. This study is important because it shows that a short program can make a big difference for older people who are worried about losing their memory and can help them stay active and happy.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if there's a link between liver health and getting type 2 diabetes, which is a kind of sugar sickness. They also wanted to know if vitamin D could change the chances of getting diabetes for people with liver problems. They looked at 3972 people who might get diabetes and checked their liver health using special scores. They found that a lot of these people had signs of fat in their liver and a few might have serious liver damage. They also saw that people with worse sugar levels in their blood had worse liver scores. Over time, they noticed that people with certain liver scores were more likely to get diabetes. Vitamin D didn't really change the risk of getting diabetes, but people with liver fat didn't get as much vitamin D in their blood when they took supplements. The study suggests that doctors should check people's liver health to help prevent diabetes.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if a special online program could help people feel less sad. This program, called MARIGOLD, is designed to make people think and act in a happier way. They had some people try MARIGOLD and others just write about their feelings. They wanted to see if the program made people less sad and if it changed their emotions. They found out that the people who used MARIGOLD were less sad than the ones who didn't. But, the program didn't really make them feel happier. The study suggests that we need to learn more about how programs like MARIGOLD can help people feel better.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if taking vitamin D could help people with a little high blood sugar (called prediabetes) avoid getting type 2 diabetes. They gave some people vitamin D pills and others fake pills and watched them for about 2.5 years. They were especially interested in people with different skin colors and weights because these can affect how much vitamin D someone has in their body and their risk for diabetes. They found that people who had more vitamin D in their blood, especially those who were Black or White and not too overweight, were less likely to get diabetes. For all groups, having a vitamin D level of at least 40 in their blood seemed to be good for lowering the risk of diabetes. This study tells us that having enough vitamin D might be important for people who are at risk of getting diabetes, and it could help them stay healthier.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if taking vitamin D could help people with a little bit of sugar problem (called prediabetes) avoid heart diseases. They gave 2423 adults either vitamin D or a fake pill (placebo) every day for about 3 years. They checked to see who got heart problems or diabetes. They found that taking vitamin D didn't really stop people from getting heart problems, but it did help a tiny bit in lowering the chance of getting heart diseases in the future. This study helps us understand that vitamin D might be a little helpful for heart health in people who are starting to have sugar problems.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists wanted to see if taking a lot of vitamin D every day is safe. They gave 2,423 people who were a bit heavy and almost had diabetes either 4,000 units of vitamin D or a fake pill that didn't do anything. They checked on these people for three years to see if they had any health problems. They found that the people taking vitamin D didn't have more health issues than those who took the fake pill. This means that taking this much vitamin D is safe for people who are a bit heavy and might get diabetes, as long as a doctor is watching over them.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if certain special features could help people stick to a web-based program designed to make them feel better when they're feeling down. They tried out things like getting help from a guide, chatting on a discussion board, and earning virtual badges. They wanted to know if these features, alone or together, would make people use the program more. They had 602 people try the program and found that when people got both a guide's help and virtual badges, they used the program more than if they just had one or none of these features. This was especially true for people who were feeling really sad at the start. The study showed that adding these two features could make it more likely for people to use the program and learn new skills to improve their mood. This information could help make online programs better so that more people use them to feel happier.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists are doing a study to see if a special online program can help older people who are really scared of losing their memory and getting dementia. They think that being too worried about memory loss can actually make people feel worse and even make them think they're forgetting things when they're not. They're going to have 80 people try out two different versions of the program to see which one works better. One group will learn about dementia and practice mindfulness, which is like calming their minds. The other group will do the same things but also learn how to not pull away from friends or stop doing things they enjoy. They hope that the second group will end up feeling less scared about losing their memory and have a better quality of life. They'll check on everyone a few times during and after the program to see how it's going. This study could help us understand how to make people less afraid of getting dementia as they get older.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists wanted to see if taking vitamin D could help prevent cancer in people who are more likely to get it because they are overweight and have a condition called prediabetes. They did a study with people who didn't have cancer for the last five years. These people either got vitamin D pills or fake pills without vitamin D every day. The researchers checked on them four times a year to see if they got cancer or signs that might lead to cancer. After about three years, they found that vitamin D didn't really change the chances of getting cancer or growths in the colon that could turn into cancer. This means that for these people, just taking vitamin D might not be enough to stop cancer from happening.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists wanted to find out how the COVID-19 pandemic affected therapy for kids with disabilities and if their parents were happy with the services. They asked 207 parents to fill out an online survey about the therapy their kids got and how they felt about it. They found that almost half of the parents weren't happy with the therapy during the pandemic. Parents liked it better when they could use telehealth (therapy over the computer or phone) and were less happy with therapy given at schools. Since therapy at school is supposed to be free and easy for families, it's important to make it better during times like the pandemic. Telehealth might be a good way to keep giving kids good therapy when it's hard to get services. More research is needed with different kinds of families and over a longer time to really understand how to help kids and their parents during tough times like a pandemic.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to understand why different tests for sugar levels in the blood give different results when checking for diabetes or prediabetes. They looked at how a person's body adds sugar to their blood cells, which can make test results vary. They used information from a big study about vitamin D and diabetes to figure this out. They found that women and Black people often had higher sugar levels on one of the tests. The study suggests that using only this test could make it seem like more women and Black people have prediabetes than if other tests were used. This is important because it helps doctors choose the best test to use for different people.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists wanted to see if taking vitamin D could help stop people from getting type 2 diabetes. They gave some adults who were almost diabetic but not quite there yet either vitamin D pills or fake pills (placebo) every day. They didn't pick people based on their vitamin D levels to start with. They watched these adults for about 2.5 years to see who would get diabetes. They found that the people who took vitamin D had a little bit less chance of getting diabetes compared to those who took the fake pills, but the difference wasn't big enough to be sure it was because of the vitamin D. Also, the vitamin D didn't cause any bad side effects. In the end, they learned that giving a lot of vitamin D to people who are at risk of diabetes but don't have low vitamin D doesn't really help to prevent diabetes.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists wanted to find out if using electronic health records (like the health information your doctor keeps on a computer) could help them get more people to join studies about prediabetes and diabetes. They looked at a big study about vitamin D and type 2 diabetes to see how well this method worked compared to the usual way of asking people to join studies. They found that when they used electronic health records, they could get more people to be part of the study. Out of 2423 people who joined the study, 1920 were found through electronic records. These people were usually older, and there were fewer women and people from different racial backgrounds compared to those who joined the study without electronic records. The study showed that using electronic health records can be a good way to get more people to join health studies, and it works in many different places where people get healthcare. This is important because it can help doctors and scientists learn more about health problems like diabetes and find better ways to treat them.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a big study to see if taking vitamin D every day can help stop people from getting type 2 diabetes. They picked adults who were close to getting diabetes but didn't have it yet. These adults had higher than normal blood sugar levels or a test called hemoglobin A that was a little high. They gave some people vitamin D pills and others fake pills without telling them which one they got. They had 2,423 people in the study, almost half were women and a third were not white. They found that black people had different blood sugar levels than other races. The study will help us understand if vitamin D can prevent diabetes and teach us more about how prediabetes changes over time.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists are working on a special online program called MARIGOLD to help people who feel very sad or depressed. This program teaches them ways to feel happier. They are testing the program in three parts. First, they made the program just right for people with depression and tried it out with a small group. Next, they added special features like talking to a helper, joining a chat board, and earning fun badges to see if these help people stick with the program. Finally, they are testing all these features with a bigger group to find the best mix. They want to see if the program makes people less sad and helps them cope better. If it works, it could be an easy and private way for people to feel better without spending a lot of money.
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Abstract Summary: This study looked at how women with a painful condition called fibromyalgia talk about their pain and how their race affects this. The researcher talked to 24 women in the United States to learn more. They found that women use different ways to explain their pain to doctors and others, depending on their race and gender. This is because people have different ideas about what kind of pain is real or serious. The study shows that it's important to think about both race and gender when studying how people talk about their health, especially when they need help from doctors or the government.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists are doing a big study to see if taking vitamin D can help stop people from getting type 2 diabetes. They're looking at people who might get diabetes because they already have some signs of it. These people are being given either vitamin D pills or fake pills without vitamin D, and the researchers are watching them for about 3 years to see who gets diabetes. The study started at the end of 2013, and it's important because if vitamin D can prevent diabetes, that would be a big deal for lots of people's health.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to learn about how people with a tummy problem called irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) feel about themselves because of their illness. They asked 243 people with IBS to fill out special questionnaires about their feelings, how they think others see them, and how IBS affects their lives. They found that the questions worked well to understand these feelings. People with IBS often felt left out and sometimes pulled away from others or felt that people treated them unfairly because of their illness. These bad feelings can really affect how happy they are, how often they go to the doctor, and how they handle their health. The study also found that people with IBS felt more judged by friends and family than by doctors. People from different backgrounds, like Hispanic people, felt these judgments differently. How bad their symptoms were and the choices they made for treatment also played a role in how they felt about themselves. The study shows that these feelings are a big deal for people with IBS and that we need to learn more about it.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists are doing a study to see if a new kind of exercise can help people with back pain. This exercise makes muscles work hard without having to lift heavy weights, which can be safer for the back. They will have two groups of people between 18 and 50 years old who often have back pain do exercises for 10 weeks. One group will do the special exercise that limits blood flow to the muscles, and the other group will do regular exercises. They want to see if the special exercise makes the back muscles stronger, helps with pain, and stops the pain from coming back. If it works, this could be a new way to help people with back pain without making them do hard exercises that could hurt their backs more. The study's number is NCT02308189, and it started on December 2, 2014.
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Abstract Summary: Doctors wanted to see if certain medicines could help adults who had a type of brain bleed that happens suddenly, without an injury. They looked at studies where patients got either the medicine being tested or a fake medicine (placebo) or no extra treatment. They wanted to know if these medicines could stop the bleeding from getting worse and help patients get better. They found 20 studies with 4,652 patients and looked at different medicines. Some studies tested a medicine called rFVIIa, but it didn't really help patients avoid death or serious health problems. Another medicine, called antifibrinolytic drugs, didn't change the chances of dying or having serious health problems either, but it did help a little to stop the bleeding from getting worse. Giving patients platelet transfusions seemed to make things worse, not better. They also looked at a treatment called PCC compared to another one called FFP, but they weren't sure if it was helpful or not. The doctors said that more studies are being done, and those might give clearer answers about how to help people with this kind of brain bleed.
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Abstract Summary: Doctors are doing a big study called FASTEST to see if a special medicine called rFVIIa can help people who have had a very bad kind of stroke that causes bleeding in the brain. This bleeding can get worse and cause more damage or even death. The medicine might stop the bleeding from getting bigger if it's given really quickly, within 2 hours after the stroke starts. They're going to give the medicine or a pretend medicine (placebo) to about 860 people who just had this kind of stroke. They want to see if the people who get the real medicine do better after 6 months than those who don't. They're being very careful to make sure it's safe and are watching for any bad things that might happen because of the medicine. This study is important because it might help doctors learn how to treat this dangerous kind of stroke better and save more lives.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists wanted to see if certain exercises could help older women who had cancer treatments feel stronger and less tired. They had women between 50 and 75 years old do different exercises like tai chi, strength training, or stretching for six months. They checked to see if the women felt less weak, tired, slow, or inactive after doing these exercises. They found that the women who did strength training were more likely to feel less frail compared to those who just stretched. Tai chi also helped, especially with making the women feel less tired. The study suggests that exercises focusing on building strength or doing tai chi can help older women who had cancer treatments feel better and more active.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists wanted to see if two types of exercise, tai chi or strength training, could help older women who survived cancer and went through menopause to not fall down as much after their chemotherapy treatment. They had these women do one of three exercises: tai chi, strength training, or just stretching, two times a week for six months. They checked on the women for another six months after the exercises stopped. They wanted to see how many times the women fell, if they got hurt from falling, how strong their legs were, and how well they could balance. They found that after six months, the number of falls didn't really change no matter what exercise the women did. But, the women who did tai chi had fewer injuries from falls during the first six months. Also, the women who did strength training got stronger legs, and those who did tai chi got better at balancing compared to the women who just stretched. In the end, the study showed that while tai chi and strength training didn't stop the women from falling, tai chi might help them get hurt less, and both tai chi and strength training can make them stronger and more balanced.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if a certain gene, called ApoE, affects how people who had cancer treatment feel and how often they fall down. They also wanted to know if exercising could help these people feel better and fall less, no matter what type of ApoE gene they have. They looked at 126 women who had finished cancer treatment about 4 years ago. They found that people with one type of the ApoE gene, called E4, fell down more at first, but after they started exercising, they fell down less than people without the E4 type. People with another type, E2, didn't feel less sad or less disabled after exercising. People with the E3 type did more physical activity after exercising for 6 months, but those with E4 and E2 didn't change much. This study shows that the ApoE gene might change how exercise helps people who had cancer treatment.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists wanted to know if changing the amount of thyroid medicine in people with low thyroid activity affects how much energy they use, their weight, or their body's muscle and fat makeup. They studied 138 people taking thyroid medicine and changed their doses to see if their thyroid levels would go up or down. They checked how much energy the people used when resting, being active, and after eating, as well as what they ate and their body's muscle and fat. After 6 months, they found that changing the medicine dose didn't really change how much energy people used or their body's muscle and fat. Even though the medicine dose didn't make a big difference, people liked it better when they thought they were taking a higher dose. The study suggests that for people with low thyroid activity, changing their medicine dose doesn't help them lose weight or change their body's muscle and fat.
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Abstract Summary: This study looked at whether changing the amount of a thyroid medicine (levothyroxine or L-T4) taken by people with low thyroid function affects their mood, thinking skills, or quality of life. The researchers tested three different levels of the medicine in 138 people over six months. They found that changing the amount of medicine didn't really make a difference in how people felt or thought. Even though some people thought they felt better with more medicine, the tests didn't show a real improvement. This suggests that adjusting the amount of thyroid medicine based on these symptoms might not actually help patients feel better.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if small changes in thyroid levels, even when they are in the normal range, can affect people's health. They looked at 140 healthy people who were taking thyroid medicine and checked their energy use, body fat, and how much they ate. They found that even when thyroid levels were normal, higher levels of a certain thyroid hormone were linked to more energy use and more body fat. This means that small differences in thyroid levels can have real effects on people's bodies. But they also noticed that these changes might not always be good, like making people gain weight. They said we need more studies before doctors change how much thyroid medicine people take based on these findings.
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Abstract Summary: Doctors are talking about whether they should change the normal levels for a thyroid health test. To learn more, scientists studied how different thyroid levels within the normal range affect the brain, especially thinking and memory. They looked at 132 people with thyroid problems who were taking medicine to help. These people had different levels of thyroid health but were still in the normal range. The scientists had these people do health checks and thinking tests. They found that most of the time, the level of thyroid health didn't change how the people felt or thought. But, they noticed that people with the lower end of normal thyroid levels were better at a game that's like making choices in real life. In the end, the study showed that small changes in thyroid levels within the normal range don't really affect how people feel or remember things. But, it might change how they make decisions. The scientists say that we don't need to change the normal thyroid levels based on what they found, but they think more studies should be done to be sure.
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Abstract Summary: Doctors wanted to see if taking high doses of a thyroid medicine called levothyroxine (LT4) changes how women's bodies use energy or changes their body shape and weight. They looked at three groups of women: one group taking a lot of LT4, another taking a regular amount, and a third group not taking any thyroid medicine. They checked how many calories the women burned when resting, after eating, and during exercise. They also looked at what they ate and measured their body fat and muscle. They found that women taking the regular amount of LT4 burned slightly fewer calories when resting compared to the other two groups. This might be because they had less of a certain thyroid hormone in their bodies. But overall, taking a lot of LT4 didn't seem to make a big difference in how their bodies used energy or their body shape and weight. This is good news for people who need to take thyroid medicine because it means it probably won't make them gain weight or change their metabolism in a bad way.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if a new kind of inhaled insulin, called Technosphere insulin (TI), is good and safe for people with type 2 diabetes who haven't used insulin before but are taking pills to control their blood sugar. They had 177 people add TI to their usual medicine and 176 people use a pretend inhaler with their medicine. They checked their progress after 24 weeks. They found that the people using TI had a better drop in their long-term blood sugar levels compared to those using the pretend inhaler. More people using TI got their blood sugar to a really good level. Both groups had a similar drop in their morning blood sugar. TI also helped control blood sugar spikes after meals. People using TI gained a little weight, while those using the pretend inhaler lost some weight. A common side effect was a mild, short-term cough, but it didn't bother most people too much. There was a small change in how well people could breathe out, but it got better after they stopped the treatment. The study showed that TI could be a helpful new treatment for people with type 2 diabetes who need more than just pills to manage their blood sugar.
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Abstract Summary: Doctors wanted to see if a new way to treat type 2 diabetes could help control blood sugar levels better than the usual way. They took a group of people with type 2 diabetes who also had a higher chance of heart problems and gave them two different treatments. One group kept taking their normal insulin shots, while the other group tried a new method that included a special medicine taken with meals. They watched these people for 6 months, checking their blood sugar, weight, heart health signs, and kidney health. The study, called FLAT-SUGAR, is trying to find out if the new treatment is better at keeping blood sugar steady and improving heart and kidney health. They got enough people to join the study to be able to tell if the new treatment works.
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Abstract Summary: Doctors wanted to see if a thyroid medicine called levothyroxine, when given in high doses, affects women's brains. They looked at three groups of women: some taking high doses of the medicine, some taking regular doses, and some not taking the medicine at all. They checked their overall health, mood, and thinking skills during one visit. They found that women taking any amount of the medicine felt a little worse in health and mood than women not taking it, but their memory and thinking skills were just fine. The study suggests that the medicine doesn't hurt the brain, but the women taking it might feel a bit down because they know they have a thyroid problem or maybe for reasons the study didn't figure out.
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Abstract Summary: The GET FIT study is trying to find out if two types of exercise, tai chi and strength training, can help women who have had cancer treatment not fall down as much. Falling can cause broken bones and other injuries, so it's important to find ways to prevent it. Women between 50 and 75 years old who finished cancer treatment will do one of the exercises or a stretching activity in a class twice a week for six months. They will keep track of any falls for a year. The study will see if these exercises make women stronger, help them balance better, and move more easily. If the exercises work, they could be a new way to help women stay safe after cancer treatment.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if a medicine called escitalopram, which helps people feel less sad, might not work well for kids whose parents have a type of mood problem called bipolar disorder. They wanted to know if certain differences in the kids' genes could make them feel more restless or even hurt themselves when taking this medicine. They gave the medicine to kids and teenagers between 12 and 17 years old who had a parent with bipolar disorder and watched for any bad reactions. They also checked their genes and how much medicine was in their blood. They found that kids who broke down the medicine slowly in their bodies had more of it in their blood for longer and were more likely to feel really restless. Also, certain gene differences made it more likely for kids to hurt themselves or others. But they need to study more kids to be sure about these results. This research helps us understand that sometimes, the way our bodies handle medicine and our genes can change how we react to the medicine.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to understand the connection between what people with chronic low back pain think about their ability to move and how well they actually can move. They asked 328 adults with this kind of pain to fill out questionnaires about their pain and how it affects their daily life. They also tested how fast the people could walk, how strong their legs were, how well they could move their lower back and hips, and how long their back muscles could work without getting tired. They found that what people said about their physical abilities was a little bit related to their walking speed and leg strength. But there was a stronger link between what they said about their abilities and how much their pain changed the way they live their lives. People who felt more limited by their pain also seemed to have less leg strength. This study is important because it shows that what people say about their pain and abilities can give us clues about their actual physical strength. This can help doctors and therapists understand and treat people with chronic low back pain better.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists at the Stanford Center for Low Back Pain are studying how different treatments without medicine can help people with long-lasting back pain. They are looking at three kinds of treatments: a special talking therapy called cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a relaxation technique called mindfulness, and a treatment with needles called electroacupuncture. They want to understand better how these treatments work and why they help some people more than others. They are doing two big studies with over 300 people to compare these treatments and see what changes happen in the body and brain. They stopped the study for a while because of the virus that was making people sick, but they started again and will finish in March 2023. The results will help us know more about back pain and how to treat it without using medicine, which could be really good for lots of people with back pain. The study is listed on a website called ClinicalTrials.gov with the number NCT02503475.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists are studying how a special kind of acupuncture called electroacupuncture (EA) can help people with chronic low back pain, which is a very common and stubborn kind of pain. They want to understand how EA works by looking at both the body's pain signals and how people think and feel about their pain. They're doing an experiment where adults with back pain get either real EA or pretend EA for 8 weeks, and they don't know which one they're getting. The researchers will check how the treatment affects the way pain signals increase, how the body controls pain, and how hopeful people are about getting better. They think that the real EA will help reduce pain more than the pretend EA, and that how people think about their pain might change how well the treatment works. This study is important because it's the first big test to see if EA really helps with back pain and to understand why.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if a medicine called salsalate can help people who have trouble controlling their blood sugar but don't have diabetes. They gave salsalate to some people and a fake pill to others for 4 weeks. They checked how well their bodies handled sugar and insulin before and after the treatment. They found that salsalate helped lower the amount of sugar and fats in the blood when people hadn't eaten, but it didn't change how much sugar was in the blood after eating. Salsalate made the body slower at getting rid of insulin, but it didn't change how the body used insulin or how much insulin was made. Most people were okay with the medicine, but a few needed a smaller dose because they didn't feel good. This study shows that salsalate might help people with high blood sugar when they haven't eaten, which could be important for keeping a healthy balance of sugar in the body.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see how kids' feelings about their family's money (SSES) and their family's actual money situation (OSES) are linked to their body size and eating habits. They found that when kids feel like their family has less money, they might want to eat more, especially if their family really does have less money. Also, when a family has less money, kids might have more body fat. This study helps us understand that both how kids feel about money and their family's real money situation can affect how much they eat and their body size. It's important to think about both of these things when trying to help kids stay healthy.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists studied how having extra sex chromosomes affects kids' height and weight. Usually, girls have two X chromosomes and boys have one X and one Y. But sometimes, kids have extra X or Y chromosomes, which can change their growth. The researchers looked at 177 kids with different combinations of extra sex chromosomes. They found that kids with a certain number of extra chromosomes were taller and heavier, but if they had even more, they started to be shorter and lighter. They also checked 177 kids over time and noticed that as these kids got older, they kept growing taller compared to other kids their age, but their weight didn't increase as much, so they became less heavy for their height. This study helps us understand how having extra sex chromosomes can affect kids' growth, which is important for doctors to know when taking care of these kids.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did an experiment to see if a special vitamin called nicotinamide riboside (NR) can help the body's immune system work better. They tested this on immune cells from healthy people and people with a skin condition called psoriasis. They found that NR made these cells less likely to create substances that can cause inflammation. The study also showed that NR helps protect cells from stress and boosts their defense systems. When they gave NR to healthy people, it had similar good effects. This research suggests that NR might be helpful for people with diseases that involve inflammation, like psoriasis.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if new malaria vaccines could help stop the spread of malaria in Mali, where people often get the disease. They tested two vaccines, Pfs230D1 and Pfs25, on adults who had experienced malaria before. The vaccines were given in four doses over about 16 months. They wanted to see if the vaccines were safe, if people's bodies accepted them, and if they could stop mosquitoes from getting malaria when they bite people. They found that both vaccines were safe and that people's bodies responded well to them. The Pfs230D1 vaccine worked better than the Pfs25 vaccine. It helped stop mosquitoes from getting malaria for a longer time. They also tried giving both vaccines together, and this worked well too. The study showed that the Pfs230D1 vaccine could be a good way to help stop the spread of malaria. This is important because it means there might be a new tool to fight malaria, which can make a lot of people very sick or even cause death.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to learn more about how having an extra or missing chromosome affects different parts of the body, like the brain and blood cells. They looked at genes in three types of cells: blood cells, skin cells, and brain cells made from stem cells. They focused on changes in the X and Y chromosomes (which determine if someone is male or female) and chromosome 21 (an extra copy of which causes Down syndrome). They found 41 genes that are really sensitive to the number of sex chromosomes a person has. These genes are on the X or Y chromosome. The changes they saw in the blood cells were also seen in the skin and brain cells. But changes in other chromosomes were different in each type of cell. Their research helps us understand how different cells in the body are affected by having an extra or missing chromosome. It also shows that studying blood cells can give us good clues about what might be happening in other parts of the body that are harder to study, like the brain.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists are studying a special protein from a germ that causes a type of malaria. This germ is tricky because it can hide in the liver and make people sick again after they seem to get better. The researchers looked at blood from people in Brazil, Cambodia, and Mali to see if their bodies made fighters, called antibodies, against this protein. They found that many people in Brazil and some in Cambodia had these fighters, but none in Mali did because the germ isn't found there. They also discovered that certain blood cells that help make antibodies were more common in people who had these fighters. After treating the malaria, the number of these cells and fighters went down. This study helps us understand how our bodies try to fight off this type of malaria and could help make new ways to stop it.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to understand how having an extra Y chromosome (XYY syndrome) can affect mental health. They looked at 64 people with XYY and 60 people without it. They found that having XYY can lead to different mental health issues, especially problems with how the brain develops and mood disorders. Less than 25% of people with XYY don't have any mental health diagnosis. The study also found that attention and social skills are the most affected, but having XYY doesn't mean a person will be violent. They used special math to group symptoms into 8 categories, which helps understand how XYY affects thinking skills, daily life, and stress for caregivers. This research helps us know more about XYY and can be used to study other genetic conditions that affect mental health.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists wanted to understand how gender and previous exposure to germs affect the body's response to a vaccine for a virus called HSV. They studied the blood of men and women who either had or hadn't been exposed to HSV before. They found that the body's initial response to the vaccine was different depending on gender and previous exposure. Women who hadn't been exposed to HSV before had the strongest initial response, which seemed to reduce the effectiveness of the vaccine. This study shows that gender and previous exposure to germs can affect how our bodies respond to vaccines. This could help us make better vaccines in the future.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists wanted to see if having an extra sex chromosome affects the brain the same way in people and mice. They compared brain images of humans and mice with an extra X or Y chromosome to those with the usual number. They found that in people, an extra chromosome made the brain size bigger or smaller and changed certain parts of the brain. In mice, the changes were smaller and not the same across different mice. But they did find some brain areas in both humans and mice that were affected by the extra chromosome. This study helps us understand where to look in the brain to learn more about how extra sex chromosomes can change brain development.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to understand how the brains of young people with Down syndrome (DS) are connected when they are just resting and not doing any tasks. They looked at the brains of 19 young people with DS and compared them to 33 young people without DS. They used a special brain scan called fMRI while the participants were awake and resting. They found that the brains of those with DS had more connections in many areas compared to those without DS. Also, the brains of the DS group were not as good at keeping different brain networks separate. They noticed that the more the brain areas were connected, the better the verbal skills of the person with DS. This study helps us understand that the brains of young people with DS work differently, and this could lead to new ways to help them with their verbal skills.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to learn more about the health problems that some people have after they get better from COVID-19. They looked at a group of people who had COVID-19 and another group who never got sick with it. They checked everyone's health with physical exams, blood tests, and questions about how they felt. They found that more than half of the people who had COVID-19 still felt sick with symptoms like tiredness and trouble thinking, even after they were supposed to be better. Women and people who had anxiety before were more likely to feel this way. The study also showed that these health issues made people's lives harder. But when the scientists did more tests, they couldn't find a clear reason why these people still felt sick. They also learned that the body's defense against the virus, called antibodies, was different in people after they had COVID-19. This study helps us understand that many people still feel unwell after COVID-19, but we need to learn more about why this happens.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists are studying a genetic change that is the main cause of two brain diseases: ALS and FTD. This change makes extra bits of protein that might be linked to these diseases. The scientists made special tests to measure two types of these extra proteins in the fluid that surrounds the brain and spine. They found that the amount of these proteins didn't match up with how old people were when they got sick, how long they had been sick, or how quickly their sickness got worse. The levels were the same in people who had symptoms and those who didn't yet. But, when they treated one patient with a special medicine that targets the genetic change, the levels of these proteins went down by half in just 6 weeks. This means that measuring these proteins could help us see if treatments for these brain diseases are working.
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Abstract Summary: This study looked at how different genetic disorders can affect the way people behave or think, especially in relation to autism. The researchers studied 350 people with one of seven different genetic disorders, and compared them to people with autism and people without any of these conditions. They used a special scale to measure different autism-related traits and used computer models to predict which genetic disorder a person might have based on these traits. They found that different disorders can lead to different behaviors, and that they could often predict the disorder based on these behaviors. This could help doctors better understand and treat these conditions.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if boys and girls have different brain features before they ever try alcohol that might make them drink differently when they grow up. They looked at brain scans of kids around 9 years old who had never had alcohol and then asked them about their drinking habits 17 years later. They found that for girls, certain smaller parts of the brain when they were kids were linked to drinking more as adults, but this wasn't as strong for boys. This study helps us understand that boys and girls might have different reasons for how they drink when they're older, and knowing this could help us figure out how to prevent drinking problems before they start.
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Abstract Summary: This study looked at how having extra sex chromosomes (X or Y) can affect the brain and behavior. The researchers used brain scans to map changes in the white matter, which is part of the brain that helps different areas communicate. They found that having extra X or Y chromosomes can cause decreases in white matter in some areas and increases in others. These changes were linked to certain behavioral problems. The study also found that these changes in white matter are connected to changes in gray matter, another part of the brain. This research helps us understand how extra sex chromosomes can affect the brain and behavior.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to understand how the brains of people with Klinefelter syndrome (XXY syndrome) work differently. Klinefelter syndrome is when a boy is born with an extra X chromosome, which can make learning or thinking hard for them. The researchers looked at brain scans of 75 people with XXY and 84 people without it while they were resting. They found that a part of the brain called the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was more active and connected to other brain parts in people with XXY. This extra activity was linked to changes in brain size in certain areas and to how severe their learning or thinking problems were. This study helps us understand more about Klinefelter syndrome and could help doctors and scientists find better ways to help people with this condition.
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Abstract Summary: Doctors are studying a liver problem called NAFLD that happens a lot in people with HIV. They found that a medicine called tesamorelin can help reduce fat in the liver and stop the liver from getting hurt in people with HIV. They did a special test to see how tesamorelin works on certain proteins in the blood that can cause swelling and damage in the liver. They found that tesamorelin made some of these bad proteins go down, which is good because it means the liver isn't getting as sick. This is important because it shows that tesamorelin can help people with HIV keep their livers healthy, and it might lead to new ways to treat liver problems.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists wanted to see if a drug called tesamorelin could help people with HIV and a liver disease called NAFLD. They tested the drug on 61 people and compared it to a placebo (a fake drug). They found that tesamorelin lowered the levels of 13 proteins in the body that are linked to immune system activity. This suggests that the drug could help calm down the immune system in people with HIV and NAFLD. This is important because it could lead to new treatments for these conditions. The study was registered under the number NCT02196831.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if kids who are teased about their weight end up having unhealthy eating habits because they feel sad or anxious. They asked 201 kids, ages 8 to 17, about being teased, how they eat, and if they feel depressed or worried. They found that kids who were teased about their weight did have more problems with eating too much or eating when they weren't hungry, and it was often because they felt bad about themselves. They also found that these kids were more likely to lose control over their eating sometimes. The study tells us that making fun of someone's weight can really hurt their feelings and lead to unhealthy eating, so it's important to be kind to everyone, no matter what they look like.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists have created a new way to look at how different parts of the brain grow and work together, called Anatomical Imbalance Mapping (AIM). They used this method to study brain changes from childhood to old age. They found that the brain's different parts connect more tightly by the age of 25 and start to connect less closely after age 70. The parts of the brain that help us think and understand things change the most, while the parts that help us move and feel things change the least. They also discovered that people who had more stress before they were born or who are not as good at thinking tasks have brains that are less well connected. This research helps us understand how our brains are organized and why they might be different from one another.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to understand why people with an extra Y chromosome (called XYY syndrome) often have different mental health and learning challenges. They looked at 58 families where someone had XYY syndrome and compared their thinking skills and behaviors to their family members who didn't have the extra chromosome. They found that people with XYY syndrome were quite different from their families in many ways, but they did find some similarities in general smarts and vocabulary. They also noticed that if a family generally had higher thinking skills, the person with XYY syndrome in that family might have less severe autism-like behaviors. The study helps doctors guess how someone with XYY syndrome might be affected by looking at their family. This could help in giving better care to people with XYY syndrome and other similar conditions.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to learn more about the special fat in our bodies that helps burn calories and keep us warm, called brown fat. They used a special machine called an MRI to look at this brown fat and compare it to the regular white fat that stores energy. They tested 21 people and found that the brown fat has different signals on the MRI and less of certain types of fat compared to white fat. This is important because it could help us understand how to fight diseases like diabetes and obesity by turning on the brown fat without needing to be cold or use other tests.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists are working on a special kind of shot to stop malaria from spreading from people to mosquitoes. They tried a new ingredient called Pfs230 to make the shot work better. They tested it on mice, big monkeys, and people, and checked if it helped stop the spread of malaria. They found that the new ingredient worked really well in monkeys and in some people, especially when it worked together with another part of the body's defense system. This new shot could be a better way to help stop malaria from spreading, but they need to do more tests to be sure.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists wanted to understand how a certain type of vaccine works to help our bodies fight off diseases. They tested a vaccine for the flu virus by giving it to people in different ways: swallowing a pill, a swab in the throat, or a nasal spray. They found that the vaccine stayed in the body for 2 to 4 weeks and helped the body produce more cells and proteins to fight off the flu. The longer the vaccine stayed in the body, the stronger the body's defense was. The vaccine caused mild side effects, but these were linked to a stronger defense against the flu. The vaccine's effects could be boosted even years later. This study shows that this type of vaccine could be a promising way to help our bodies fight off viruses.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists are trying to understand why boys and girls, or men and women, often think differently and have different chances of getting certain brain-related illnesses. They think this might be because of the different hormones that boys and girls have, or because of the different sex-chromosomes they carry (like XX for girls and XY for boys). This study looks at how genes on sex-chromosomes might affect the way the brain grows. The researchers looked at two things: first, they studied genes and molecules to find out which genes on sex-chromosomes could make boys' and girls' brains develop differently. Second, they used special brain scans to see how these genes might change the brain's structure. They found that genes on the X-chromosome might be really important in making the brains of boys and girls different. Understanding this could help us figure out why certain brain illnesses happen and could lead to better treatments for everyone.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists studied how certain hormones in the liver affect blood sugar and fat in the liver in adults with a liver disease that's not caused by drinking alcohol. They looked at how the liver makes a growth factor (IGF-1) and proteins that bind to it. They found that when the liver has more fat and damage, it makes less IGF-1. Some binding proteins were found in higher amounts and some in lower amounts in sicker livers. They also tested a hormone that can release growth hormone to see what it does to these proteins in the blood. They found that this hormone changes the levels of these proteins. This study helps us understand how liver disease and blood sugar control are connected and could lead to new ways to treat liver disease.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists wanted to see if being teased about weight affects kids' heart health and blood tests that show inflammation. They looked at two groups of kids: one group wasn't trying to lose weight, and the other group was. They checked the kids' weight, body fat, waist size, blood pressure, and took blood samples. The kids also answered questions about if they were teased for their weight. They compared kids who were teased with those who weren't, considering their age, gender, and body size. In the first group, some kids were teased, and in the second group, many kids were teased. But they found that teasing didn't seem to make kids' heart health or inflammation worse. They think more studies over time are needed to really understand how teasing about weight affects kids' health.
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Abstract Summary: This study looked at how our brain's wrinkles, or folds, are formed and if our genes play a role in it. The researchers used a tool called FreeSurfer to study the brain images of over 1,000 young adults. They found that genes do play a part in the formation of major folds in our brain, accounting for about half of the differences seen between individuals. However, genes didn't seem to affect the smaller folds as much. The study also found that the shape and thickness of these folds are mostly influenced by non-genetic factors. This research helps us better understand how our brain develops and the role our genes play in it.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if a special sign of swelling in the body, called GlycA, can tell us more about unhealthy changes in fat tissue than another sign called hsCRP. They tested 58 adults who were overweight but didn't have diabetes. They checked how their bodies used sugar and fat, and measured their body fat with a special X-ray. They found that GlycA is linked to how much fat the body breaks down and is a better sign of problems in fat tissue than hsCRP. This is important because it could help doctors understand and treat problems caused by being overweight better.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists are curious about why boys and girls, or men and women, might think or act differently. They think some of these differences could be because of the way certain parts of the brain are built. While we know a lot about these differences in mice, we're not sure if what we learn from mice also applies to people. In this study, researchers looked at brain scans from over 2,000 people. They found that certain areas of the brain are bigger in women and others are bigger in men, and these areas are pretty much the same in everyone. They also noticed that the parts of the brain that are different between men and women are the same parts that help us recognize faces. Lastly, they discovered that these differences are linked to certain genes that are only found on the sex chromosomes (the ones that make you male or female). This study helps us understand that some of the brain differences between men and women are similar to those in mice, and it gives us clues about why these differences might happen.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see how quickly HIV comes back in people after they stop taking their modern HIV medicines. They looked at 22 people who stopped their treatment to learn about this. They found that even with newer medicines, the virus comes back just as fast as it did with older ones. This means that just taking medicine might not be enough to keep HIV away forever, and other treatments that help the immune system might be needed. This information is important for doctors and patients to understand how HIV treatments work.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if a new brain scan tool called [C]PS13 can measure a special protein in the brains of healthy people. This protein, called COX-1, is important because it can tell us about brain health and inflammation. They tested 10 people by scanning their brains twice and taking blood samples. They used different methods to see which one worked best for the scans. They found that the new tool worked really well—it was reliable and could be used for shorter scans too. The amount of COX-1 the scans showed matched up with other scientific data. This means the tool could be good for studying brain diseases in more people in the future.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists have been studying certain health conditions that people are born with, like Down syndrome and velocardiofacial syndrome, for a long time. These conditions are special because they have a set of signs that make them easy to recognize. For example, people with Down syndrome might have certain facial features, weak muscles, heart problems, and learn things more slowly. Not everyone with Down syndrome has all these signs, but seeing several of them together usually means the person has the condition. The study is trying to figure out if we can use the same ideas to understand how people with these conditions think and behave. This is important because it can help us know more about these conditions and how to support people who have them.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if a medicine called mirabegron, which is usually used for bladder problems, could also help with obesity-related health issues. They gave 14 healthy women this medicine for 4 weeks and watched how it affected their body's fat and sugar processing. They found that the medicine made a special kind of fat in the body work harder, which helps burn calories. The women's bodies also got better at handling sugar and they had more good fats in their blood. This is important because it means this medicine might help people who have problems with obesity and diabetes. The study was registered and funded by some big research groups.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists are trying to understand brain diseases by looking at brain scans in a new way. Usually, they look at each tiny part of the brain scan (called a voxel) one by one, or they try to find damaged areas. But some brain diseases don't just affect one spot; they change the brain in ways that are hard to spot. The scientists made a new method called multi-modal density testing (MMDT) to find these hard-to-see changes. They use this method to compare different brain scans and find the differences that might be caused by a disease. They tested their method to make sure it works well and doesn't make mistakes. Then they used it to study people with a brain disease called multiple sclerosis (MS) and people with other conditions that look like MS on scans. They found that their method could tell the difference between the two groups by looking at a part of the brain called the thalamus. This new way of looking at brain scans could help doctors understand and diagnose brain diseases better.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see how having different numbers of sex chromosomes (like X and Y) can affect the brain and possibly lead to mental health issues. They looked at brain scans from 301 people, some with the usual number of sex chromosomes and some with extra. They found that having more sex chromosomes can make certain parts of the brain's outer layer thicker or thinner. These changes were in areas that help with social skills, talking, and understanding things. They also noticed that parts of the brain that were changed in similar ways by extra sex chromosomes worked more closely together. This research helps us understand how the number of sex chromosomes a person has can change their brain and might be used to figure out why some people have certain mental health problems.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists wanted to see if a drug called colchicine could help prevent heart disease by reducing harmful substances in the blood. They tested this on 40 adults with a condition called metabolic syndrome. The adults were given either colchicine or a placebo (a pill with no medicine) twice a day for 3 months. The results showed that while colchicine did reduce inflammation (which can cause heart disease), it didn't lower the levels of harmful substances in the blood. In fact, some harmful substances seemed to increase. More research is needed to understand why this happened and what it means for using colchicine to prevent heart disease.
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Abstract Summary: Doctors wanted to see if a medicine called tesamorelin could help people with HIV who also have a liver problem where there's too much fat in the liver, but it's not because of drinking alcohol. They tested the medicine by giving some people tesamorelin and others a fake medicine without them knowing which one they got. They checked the fat in their livers at the start and after 12 months. The people who got tesamorelin had a lot less liver fat after 12 months. The medicine didn't cause big problems with their blood sugar. The doctors think tesamorelin could be good for people with HIV and this liver problem, but they need to do more research to be sure.
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Abstract Summary: This study looked at how location can affect the results of health studies, using a malaria prevention trial as an example. The researchers created different scenarios to see how things like age, gender, and prevention treatment might change the results. They also looked at how the number of breeding sites for mosquitoes and the effect of these sites could change the results. They found that when location is important but not measured, it can make the results less accurate. This means that health studies should take location into account to get the best results. This could help make prevention treatments more effective.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if being cold can help people burn more calories, which might help with weight loss. They had 21 men, some lean and some with obesity, stay in a special room where they could change the temperature and measure how many calories the men burned. They also checked their brown fat, which helps burn calories when it's cold. They found that skinny men could burn more calories in the cold than men with obesity. The study suggests that being cold might not help men with obesity as much as it does for lean men to burn extra calories. This information could help find new ways to help people with obesity.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to test a new vaccine called HSV529 for a virus that causes sores called genital herpes, which affects more than 400 million people around the world. They had 60 people join the study and gave them either the vaccine or a pretend shot (placebo) three times over six months. They wanted to see if people had any reactions to the shot and if their bodies started to fight the virus better. Most people who got the real vaccine had some pain or discomfort where they got the shot, but it wasn't too bad. Some people also felt a little sick, but it was similar to those who got the pretend shot. The vaccine worked best in people who never had any kind of herpes virus before; their bodies made more defenses against the virus. The vaccine seemed safe and helped the body start to fight the virus, especially in people who didn't have herpes before. This is good news because it might help protect people from getting genital herpes in the future.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists studied the brains of people with autism to understand why they are so different from one another. They looked at brain scans from lots of people, including 491 with autism, and paid special attention to how being a boy or girl, age, and intelligence might make a difference. They found that some parts of the brain were thicker in people with autism, especially in certain areas and in boys, younger people, and those who weren't as good at certain thinking tasks. This research helps us know more about autism and might lead to ways to tell what kind of help each person with autism needs by looking at their brain.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists studied a special gene pattern called MC3R haplotype C17A + G241A, which is found a lot in people with African roots. This gene pattern can make a person's body work a bit differently. They looked at 237 healthy African-American adults to see how this gene pattern affects their body fat, muscles, and other health stuff like blood sugar and inflammation. They used special tests to figure out who had this gene pattern and to measure body fat and muscle. They found that people with two copies of this gene pattern usually had more body fat, a higher body mass index (which is a number that tells if you have the right amount of body fat), and more signs of inflammation. They didn't have as much muscle compared to people with only one copy or none at all. But when they considered how much fat a person had, the differences in blood tests weren't important anymore. This study helps us understand that this gene pattern can make African-American adults more likely to have more body fat, and it's important to learn more about why this happens.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists are trying to understand how the brain and intelligence are connected. They've noticed that the thickness of certain parts of the brain's outer layer is linked to how smart kids and teenagers are. They also know that intelligence and the brain's structure can be strongly influenced by genes. In this study, researchers looked at brain scans and intelligence test scores from 813 kids over time. They found that the connection between brain thickness and intelligence is mostly because of genes. This means that as kids grow, the changes in their brain that relate to how smart they are, are largely due to the genes they inherit from their parents. This research helps us understand why some people are smarter in different ways and how our brains develop as we grow up.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to learn how having extra sex chromosomes can affect the brain, especially parts that are linked to emotions and certain mental health issues. They looked at the brains of 132 people with extra sex chromosomes and 166 people with the usual number of sex chromosomes. They found that people with extra sex chromosomes had smaller amygdalas, a part of the brain important for emotions, compared to people with the usual number of sex chromosomes. The size of another part of the brain called the hippocampus didn't change much, but its shape was different in people with extra sex chromosomes. This study helps us understand how differences in our chromosomes can change our brains and possibly lead to mental health problems.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists studied how the money and resources a family has (called socioeconomic status, or SES) can affect the way kids' brains grow. They looked at brain scans from 623 kids, ages 5 to 25, to see if there were any patterns. They found that kids from families with more resources had bigger brain volumes in certain areas, and these areas stayed pretty much the same as they grew up. These parts of the brain are important for things like moving, talking, remembering, and feelings. The study also found that the size and shape of some brain areas could explain why kids with more resources tend to have higher IQs. This research helps us understand that where a kid comes from can influence their brain development and smarts, but it's not the only thing that matters.
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Abstract Summary: XYY syndrome is a condition that affects about 1 in 850 boys and can cause learning and behavior problems. In a study of 64 boys and young men with XYY syndrome, researchers found that many had delays in development, lower IQ scores, and trouble with social communication. About 14% also had autism. Boys diagnosed with XYY syndrome before birth had less severe problems than those diagnosed after birth. The study helps doctors better understand XYY syndrome and how to help those with the condition. It also shows the need for more support and research into how XYY syndrome affects the brain.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if they could use a special brain scan called fMRI to watch people's brains while they sleep all night without making them stay awake first. They had 12 people sleep in the scanner for two nights. The first night was just for getting used to it, and the second night they checked to see what kind of sleep the people got. They found out that the people went through all the normal stages of sleep and had about two cycles of deep sleep and dream sleep. The study shows that it's possible to do this kind of brain scan while people sleep naturally, but they think they should try it again without having the two nights right after each other. This could help other scientists learn more about sleep by using the same method.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists are trying to learn more about how the brains of kids with Down syndrome (DS) grow and change. They looked at lots of studies that took pictures of the brain and measured how big different parts were. They found that kids with DS usually have smaller brains, including the parts that help with thinking and moving. The studies showed that as kids with DS get older, their brains don't grow as much as other kids' brains, especially in the front part that helps with planning and decision-making. The researchers say we need more studies over time to really understand how the brains of kids with DS develop as they grow up. This information is important because it can help us find better ways to support kids with DS in their learning and everyday life.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to learn how a new diabetes medicine, called canagliflozin, might affect bones. They gave the medicine or a fake pill (placebo) to 25 healthy adults to see what would happen. They found that the medicine made certain things in the blood go up, like phosphorus and a hormone called FGF23, and made a vitamin D level go down. These changes could possibly make bones weaker. Everyone's body reacted a bit differently. This research helps us understand how diabetes medicine can affect bones, so we can try to keep bones healthy while treating diabetes.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if two medicines for TB (tuberculosis) would work okay with a medicine for HIV. They gave healthy people the HIV medicine every day and the TB medicines once a week. They checked the amount of medicine in the blood and looked for any bad reactions. But they had to stop the study early because two people got sick with flu-like symptoms and their liver tests were not good. They found that the HIV medicine didn't stay in the body as well when taken with the TB medicines. They also saw that the body's defense system reacted strongly. They think more research is needed to make sure these medicines can be used together safely.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists are trying to find a way to help people with a serious lung sickness called MERS, which doesn't have a cure yet. They tested a new medicine made from the blood of special cows that were given a MERS vaccine. This medicine is called SAB-301. They wanted to make sure it was safe for people to use. Healthy adults were given different amounts of the medicine or a saltwater shot that didn't do anything (placebo). The researchers watched the people to see if they had any bad reactions and to see how their bodies handled the medicine. They found that the medicine seemed safe because the people who got it didn't have more problems than those who got the saltwater shot. This study is important because it shows that medicines from special cows might be a new way to help people with different sicknesses.
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Abstract Summary: This study looked at how two different drugs, ritonavir and cobicistat, interact with another drug called dabigatran etexilate (DE). DE is a medicine that helps prevent blood clots. The researchers gave healthy volunteers DE alone, then with ritonavir or cobicistat. They found that ritonavir didn't really change how DE worked. But when cobicistat was given with DE, it made DE work much stronger. This means that if a patient is taking both DE and cobicistat, they might need a smaller dose of DE. This is important because it helps doctors know how to safely give these drugs together.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists and companies worked together to make a new vaccine to fight Ebola, a very bad sickness that made lots of people sick and caused many deaths between 2014 and 2016. They made a special shot called V920 that uses a part of the virus to help the body learn to fight Ebola. They tested the shot on about 17,000 people to make sure it was safe and that it worked. The tests showed that after getting the shot, most people's bodies started to fight the virus within 14 days, and by 28 days, everyone's body was ready to fight Ebola. They also found out that the shot worked really well and fast, in just 10 days, to protect people from getting sick. The shot was safe for adults who weren't pregnant. This work shows how when lots of people and groups work together, they can do big things to keep us healthy.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists wanted to see if sweeteners that don't have calories, like the ones in diet sodas, change how our bodies handle sugar. They had 61 healthy people drink different mixtures with these sweeteners and then checked their blood many times. They found that drinking diet sodas made a certain helpful gut hormone go up, but it didn't really change how full people felt or how their stomachs emptied. Even though the sweeteners made insulin levels go up a bit, they didn't change blood sugar levels. Just adding sweeteners to water didn't do anything. This study tells us that we need to look more at how these sweeteners affect us over a long time.
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Abstract Summary: Doctors wanted to learn if some girls with a condition called PCOS, which can make it hard for them to have babies and cause other health problems, might also have issues with their adrenal glands, which are small organs that sit on top of the kidneys and help control stress and energy. They tested 38 girls with PCOS and 20 healthy girls by giving them a medicine called dexamethasone to see how their bodies reacted. They found that some girls with PCOS had different reactions to the medicine, with higher levels of stress hormones and smaller adrenal glands compared to other girls with PCOS and healthy girls. This could mean that these girls have a special type of adrenal gland problem that's similar to another disease. Understanding this could help doctors find better ways to help girls with PCOS in the future.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see how people feel about using information about their genes to help them manage their weight. They used a pretend doctor in a virtual reality game to talk to 190 women who were a little heavier than they should be. These women were either Black or White. The researchers changed how the women felt (angry or scared) and what the doctor said about why they might be overweight (because of their genes or their own actions). They found that when the women were angry, they didn't look at the doctor as much if the doctor talked about genes. Black women spoke in a lower voice and liked to keep more space between themselves and the doctor when genes were mentioned, especially if they were angry. This study helps us understand that how doctors talk about weight and genes can make a difference in how comfortable people feel. It's important because it shows that doctors need to think about how they talk to patients about weight, especially when talking about genes.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see how feelings can change the way overweight women think about the reasons for their body weight when they learn about how genes might play a role. They had women talk to a computer doctor and made them feel angry, scared, or calm before telling them about how genes or habits can affect weight. They found that when the women were scared, they were less likely to think that their lifestyle caused their weight and were less likely to want to change their habits if they were told it was because of their genes. This study shows that when doctors talk about weight and genes, they need to be careful because it could make people less likely to try to live healthier. This is important for everyone to know because it can help us understand how to better talk about weight and health.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists wanted to see if getting up and walking around for a little bit could help kids' bodies handle sugar better. They had a group of kids either sit for 3 hours straight or take short walking breaks every half hour. They checked the kids' blood for sugar and other things that show how well their bodies are working. They found that when kids took walking breaks, their bodies were better at managing sugar and other important stuff. The kids didn't eat more after walking, which is good. This means that taking short walks can help kids stay healthy without making them want to eat more.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists tested a new vaccine to stop Ebola, a very bad sickness that made lots of people sick and caused many to die. They did two studies with 78 grown-ups to see if the vaccine is safe and works well. The grown-ups got different amounts of the vaccine or a pretend shot. They checked for any bad reactions and to see if the body started fighting the virus. Most people just had a sore arm, felt tired, or had a headache. The vaccine made their bodies start fighting Ebola, especially when they got a bigger dose or a second shot. The study says this vaccine looks promising and they should keep checking if it works well to protect people from getting sick with Ebola.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if girls with an extra X chromosome, a condition called Trisomy X, have different brain shapes that might explain why they often have trouble with things like talking and paying attention. They looked at brain scans and did tests on 35 girls with Trisomy X and compared them to 70 girls without the extra chromosome. They found that the brains of girls with Trisomy X were a bit smaller and had some parts that were thicker or thinner than usual. These girls also had more anxiety and attention problems. This research helps us understand why girls with Trisomy X might have these challenges.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see how a vitamin A-related substance affects certain immune cells that are involved in allergies. They looked at two types of these immune cells, one more advanced than the other. They found that the vitamin A substance made the more advanced cells grow more and act stronger, especially in making a specific signal that can cause allergies. They also tested a blocker for the vitamin A substance and saw that it made these advanced cells grow less and become weaker. This research suggests that blocking the vitamin A substance might help treat allergies.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a study to see if a medicine called brexpiprazole could help people who feel very sad and worried all the time, a condition known as major depressive disorder with anxious distress. These people didn't feel better after taking usual depression medicines. The study included 746 patients, and they were given either brexpiprazole or a pretend pill without any medicine (placebo) along with their regular depression medicine for 6 weeks. They found that the people who took brexpiprazole felt less sad, less worried, slept better, ate better, and could do their daily activities better than those who took the pretend pill. This means that adding brexpiprazole might help people with depression and anxiety who don't get better with just the usual medicines.
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Abstract Summary: Scientists did a big study to see if certain medicines can help people with autism calm down when they feel really upset or hurt themselves. They looked at lots of research and found 131 studies with 7014 people. They checked if the medicines were better than a pretend pill (placebo) or other treatments. They found out that some medicines called atypical antipsychotics might really help with calming down, but they weren't sure if they helped with aggression or self-harm. These medicines might make people feel dizzy or hungry. Another kind of medicine, for ADHD, might help a little with calming down, but they didn't know if it helped with self-harm, and it might make people feel tired or have headaches. They also looked at neurohormones and antidepressants, but they weren't sure if these helped much and they might make some people feel less energetic or pay less attention. In the end, they think that atypical antipsychotics could be good for he